Montgomery KC, Heinemann EG (1952) Concerning the ability of homing pigeons to discriminate patterns of polarized light. Science 116:454–456

Emlen ST (1967b) Migratory orientation in the indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea. Part I: evidence for use of celestial cues. Auk 84:309–342

Vos HJJ, Coemans M, Nuboer J (1995) No evidence for polarization sensitivity in the pigeon electroretinogram. J Exp Biol 198:325–335

Lisney TJ, Rubene D, Rózsa J, Lovlie H, Håstad O, Ödeen A (2011) Behavioural assessment of flicker fusion frequency in chicken Gallus gallus domesticus. Vis Res 51:1324–1332

Mouritsen H, Hore P (2012) The magnetic retina: light-dependent and trigeminal magnetoreception in migratory birds. Curr Opin Neurobiol 22:343–352

LEDs are embedded around a light-guiding diffusion plate. Uniform light is radiated towards the center from a light-emitting surface arranged at an angle to the workpiece.

Polarized sunglasses

Wiltschko R (1981) Die Sonnenorientierung der Vögel. 2. Entwicklung des Sonnenkompass und sein Stellenwert im Orientierungssystem. J Ornithol 122:1–22

Hart NS, Partridge JC, Cuthill IC, Bennett AT (2000) Visual pigments, oil droplets, ocular media and cone photoreceptor distribution in two species of passerine bird: the blue tit (Parus caeruleus L.) and the blackbird (Turdus merula L.). J Comp Physiol A 186:375–387

High Power Strobe Lights PF Series.* Low-Angle Ring type.* Peak illuminance achieves 10 million lx.* Realizes high-speed and accurate inspection.* Solves your xenon flash lamp problems.* Freely adjustable flash timing enables strobing within the exposure period of the camera.Download Pamphlet PDF

Any angle can be created through the use of flexible circuit boards. The features of the workpiece can be clearly extracted with direct light from a low angle towards the center of the workpiece.

These Ring Lights have "easy to use", "bright", and "uniform" characteristics. The product lineup includes abundant size variations, full color (RGB) models, and satisfying accessories such as the Light Joint Brackets.Download Pamphlet PDF

Burton RF (2008) The scaling of eye size in adult birds: relationship to brain, head and body sizes. Vis Res 48:2345–2351

Muheim R, Åkesson S, Phillips JB (2008) Response to R. Wiltschko et al. (Journal für Ornithologie): contradictory results on the role of polarized light in compass calibration in migratory songbirds. J Ornithol 149:659–662

Coemans MAJM, Vos Hzn JJ, Nuboer JFW (1990) No evidence for polarization sensitivity in the pigeon. Naturwissenschaften 77:138–142

Able KP, Able MA (1990) Ontogeny of migratory orientation in the Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis: calibration of the magnetic compass. Anim Behav 39:905–913

Muheim R, Åkesson S, Phillips JB (2007) Magnetic compass of migratory Savannah sparrows is calibrated by skylight polarization at sunrise and sunset. J Ornithol 148:485–494

Burkhardt D, Maier EJ (1989) The spectral sensitivity of a Passerine bird is highest in the UV. Naturwissenschaften 76:82–83

Muheim R, Phillips JB, Deutschlander ME (2009) White-throated sparrows calibrate their magnetic compass by polarized light cues during both autumn and spring migration. J Exp Biol 212:3466–3472

Mantis shrimpvision

Any angle can be created with CCS's unique flexible circuit boards. The required irradiance is ensured by radiating direct light towards the center of the workpiece.

Bruderer B, Weitnauer E (1972) Radarbeobachtungen über Zug und Nachtflüge des Mauerseglers (Apus apus). Rev Suisse Zool 79:1190–1200

Maier EJ, Bowmaker JK (1993) Colour vision in the passeriform bird, Leiothrix lutea: correlation of visual pigment absorbance and oil droplet transmission with spectral sensitivity. J Comp Physiol A 172:295–301

Tarburton MK, Kaiser E (2001) Do fledgling and pre-breeding common swifts Apus apus take part in aerial roosting? An answer from a radiotracking experiment. Ibis 143:255–264

Åkesson S, Walinder G, Karlsson L, Ehnbom S (2001) Reed warbler orientation: Initiation of nocturnal migratory flights in relation to visibility of celestial cues at dusk. Anim Behav 61:181–189

Muntz WRA (1972) Inert absorbing and reflecting, pigments. In: Dartnall HJA (ed) The handbook of sensory physiology, vol WII/l. Springer, Berlin, pp 529–565

Emmerton J, Delius JD (1980) Wavelength discrimination in the “visible” and UV spectrum by pigeons. J Comp Physiol A 141:47–52

Hart NS, Partridge JC, Cuthill IC (1999) Visual pigments, cone oil droplets, ocular media and predicted spectral sensitivity in the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Vis Res 39:3321–3328

Wiltschko R, Munro U, Ford H, Wiltschko W (2008) Contradictory results on the role of polarized light in compass calibration in migratory songbirds. J Ornithol 149:607–614

[Not available in Japan] "FALUX sensing"* Included in HPRS Series. enables monitoring of brightness and feedback control. *Included in HPRS Series only. Achieves high-uniformity over a flexible LWD range by using a unique illuminating mechanism.

Gaggini V, Baldaccini N, Spina F, Giunchi D (2010) Orientation of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca cue-conflict experiments during spring migration. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 64:1333–1342

Alerstam T, Gudmundsson GA, Green M, Hedenström A (2001) Migration along orthodromic sun compass routes by arctic birds. Science 291:300–303

Greenwood VJ, Smith EL, Church SC, Partridge JC (2003) Behavioural investigation of polarisation sensitivity in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). J Exp Biol 206:3201–3210

Niessner C, Denzau S, Gross JC, Peichl L, Bischof HJ, Fleissner G, Wiltschko W, Wiltschko R (2011) Avian ultraviolet/violet cones identified as probable magnetoreceptors. PLoS One 6:e20091

Wiltschko R, Walker M, Wiltschko W (2000) Sun-compass orientation in homing pigeons: compensation for different rates of change in azimuth? J Exp Biol 203:889–894

Polarizedvisionmeaning

Åkesson S, Klaassen R, Holmgren J, Fox JW, Hedenström A (2012) Migration routes and strategies in a highly aerial migrant, the common swift Apus apus, revealed by light-level geolocators. PLoS One 7(7):e41195

von Frisch K (1949) Die Polarisation des Himmelslichtes als orienterender Faktor bei den Tänzen der Bienen. Experientia 5:142–148

Beason RC (1992) You can get there from here: responses to simulated magnetic equator crossing by the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Ethology 91:75–80

High Power Strobe Lights PF Series.* Ring type.* Peak illuminance achieves 6.5 million lx.* Realizes high-speed and accurate inspection.* Solves your xenon flash lamp problems.* Freely adjustable flash timing enables strobing within the exposure period of the camera.Download Pamphlet PDF

Bowmaker JK, Heath LA, Wilkie SE, Hunt DM (1997) Visual pigments and oil droplets from six classes of photoreceptor in the retinas of birds. Vis Res 37:2183–2194

Cameron DA, Pugh EN (1991) Double cones as a basis for a new type of polarisation vision in vertebrates. Nature 353:161–164

Wiltschko R, Wiltschko W (2010) Avian magnetic compass: its functional properties and physical basis. Curr Zool 56:265–276

Maier EJ (1992) Spectral sensitivities including the UV of the passeriform bird Leiothrix lutea. J Comp Physiol A 170:709–714

Andersson S, Amundsen T (1997) Ultraviolet colour vision and ornamentation in bluethroats. Proc R Soc Lond B 264:1587–1591

Haan S, Bauer S, Liechti F (2009) The natural link between Europe and Africa—2.1 billion birds on migration. Oikos 118:624–626

Bowmaker JK (1991) Photoreceptors, photopigments and oil droplets. In: Gouras P (ed) Vision and visual dysfunction, vol 6, The perception of colour. Macmillan, London, pp 108–127

Muheim R, Moore FR, Phillips JB (2006a) Calibration of magnetic and celestial compass cues in migratory birds: a review of cue-conflict experiments. J Exp Biol 209:2–17

These waterproof Ring Lights ensure the brightness with condensing lenses. IP67 compliance. Adopting an M12 connector.Download Pamphlet PDF

Muheim R, Phillips JB, Åkesson S (2006b) Polarized light cues underlie compass calibration in migratory songbirds. Science 313:837–839

The physical existence of this website has been verified by using a sever certificate issued by Cybertrust. Additionally, encryption is used to protect the privacy of communications made via SSL webpages.

Ring lights for long-distance and wide-area irradiation.Suitable for various applications such as large workpieces, long-distance illumination, and robot picking inspections. Available in 4 wavelengths: red, white, blue, and infrared.Wide, medium and narrow light directivity characteristics are available.Lightweight and compact size that can be mounted on robot arms and inspection equipment.Custom orders are also possible such as different wavelengths and overdrive.HLDL3 Series bar lights for wide-area and long-distance illumination are also available.

Åkesson S, Alerstam T, Hedenström A (1996) Flight initiation of nocturnal passerine migrants in relation to celestial orientation conditions at twilight. J Avian Biol 27:95–102

Cochran WW, Mouritsen H, Wikelski M (2004) Migrating songbirds recalibrate their magnetic compass daily from twilight cues. Science 304:405–408

Wiltschko W, Wiltschko R (1992) Migratory orientation: magnetic compass orientation of garden warblers, Sylvia borin, after a simulated crossing of the magnetic equator. Ethology 91:70–74

Weindler P, Wiltschko R, Wiltschko W (1996) Magnetic information affects the stellar orientation of young bird migrants. Nature 383:158–160

Haidinger's brushes

Hegedüs R, Åkesson S, Wehner R, Horváth G (2007a) Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies. Proc R Soc A 463:1081–1095

Hárosi FI, MacNichol EF Jr (1974) Visual pigments of goldfish cones: spectral properties and dichroism. J Gen Physiol 63:279–304

Åkesson S, Morin J, Muheim R, Ottosson U (2002) Avian orientation: effects of cue-conflict experiments with young migratory songbirds in the high Arctic. Anim Behav 64:469–475

Birds have evolved a mobile lifestyle in which vision is of major importance when controlling movements, avoiding predators, finding food and selecting mates. Birds have extraordinary colour vision and have been suggested to perceive the linear polarisation of light. Behavioural experiments support this idea, but still the exact physiological mechanism involved is not known. The twilight period, when the sun is near the horizon at sunrise and sunset, is of crucial importance for migrating birds. At this time millions of songbirds initiate migration when the degree of skylight polarisation is the highest and all compass cues are visible in a short range of time. The biological compasses are based on information from the stars, the sun and the related pattern of skylight polarisation, as well as the geomagnetic field, and may be recalibrated relative to each other. The celestial polarisation pattern near the horizon has been shown to be used in the recalibration of the magnetic compass, but conflicting results have been obtained in experiments with different bird species. For the future we should understand the physiological mechanisms of avian polarisation vision and investigate the interrelationship and calibrations between the different compasses, including the one based on the pattern of skylight polarisation. A conditioning paradigm may be fruitful, but the risk of introducing optical artefacts needs to be minimised in behavioural experiments, as well as in cage experiments with migratory birds.

Polarizedvisionoctopus

Emlen ST (1967a) Migratory orientation in the indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea. Part II: mechanism of celestial orientation. Auk 84:463–489

Hegedüs R, Åkesson S, Horváth G (2007b) Polarization patterns of thick clouds: overcast skies have distribution of the angle of polarization similar to that of clear skies. J Opt Soc Am A 24:2347–2356

Wiltschko R (1980) Die Sonnenorientierung der Vögel. 1. Die Rolle der Sonne im Orientierungssystem und die Funktionsweise des Sonnenkompass. J Ornithol 121:121–143

Young SR, Martin GR (1984) Optics of retinal oil droplets: a model of light collection and polarization detection in the avian retina. Vis Res 24:129–137

Hart NS, Partridge JC, Cuthill IC (1998) Visual pigments, oil droplets and cone photoreceptor distribution in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). J Exp Biol 201:1433–1446

Willis J, Phillips J, Muheim R, Diego-Rasilla FJ, Hobday AJ (2009) Spike dives of juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii): a navigational role? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 64:57–68

LEDs are mounted perpendicularly on a line-shaped board and arranged in a ring facing horizontally. The thin design has a thickness of only 10 mm.These Ring Lights are used extremely close to the workpiece.

Are you still registered with CCS members? If you register as a CCS member, you will be able to log in and register with the CCS members, download various materials (drawings, instruction manuals etc), select "lighting selection", "apply for lending machine", " It becomes possible to browse and download all contents of our site including request of "quotation" and "catalog", and it will be possible to use many convenient functions. Come and register.

Dokter AM, Åkesson S, Beekhuis H, Bouten W, Buurma L, van Gasteren H, Holleman I (2013) Twilight ascents by common swifts, Apus apus, at dawn and dusk: acquisition of orientation cues? Anim Behav 85:545–552

At a low angle, these Ring Lights can be used to highlight and image the characters and scratches in a dark field.At a high angle, these Ring Lights can be used to uniformly image the entire workpiece in a bright field.CCS can offer various lighting methods according to the applications.

Delius JD, Perchard RJ, Emmerton J (1976) Polarized light discrimination by pigeons and an electroretinographic correlate. J Comp Physiol Psychol 90:560–571

Åkesson, S. (2014). The Ecology of Polarisation Vision in Birds. In: Horváth, G. (eds) Polarized Light and Polarization Vision in Animal Sciences. Springer Series in Vision Research, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54718-8_12

Gudmundsson GA, Alerstam T, Benvenuti S, Papi F, Lilliendahl K, Åkesson S (1995) Examining the limits of flight and orientation performance: satellite tracking of brent geese migrating across the Greenland ice-cap. Proc R Soc Lond B 261:73–79

Muheim R (2011) Behavioural and physiological mechanisms of polarized light sensitivity in birds. Philos Trans R Soc B 366:763–771

Church SC, Bennett AT, Cuthill IC, Partridge JC (1998) Ultraviolet cues affect the foraging behaviour of blue tits. Proc R Soc Lond B 265:1509–1514

Able KP, Able MA (1993) Daytime calibration of magnetic orientation in a migratory bird requires a view of skylight polarization. Nature 364:523–525

Coemans MAJM, Vos Hzn JJ, Nuboer JFW (1994) The orientation of the e-vector of linearly polarized light does not affect the behaviour of the pigeon, Columba livia. J Exp Biol 191:107–123

Infraredvision

Schmaljohann H, Rautenberg T, Muheim R, Naef-Daenzer B, Bairlein F (2013) Response of a free-flying songbird to an experimental shift of the light polarization pattern around sunset. J Exp Biol 216:1381–1387

Beason RC, Loew ER (2008) Visual pigment and oil droplet characteristics of the bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), a new world migratory bird. Vis Res 48:1–8

Finger E, Burkhardt D (1994) Biological aspects of bird colouration and avian colour vision including ultraviolet range. Vis Res 34:1509–1514

Kreithen ML, Keeton WT (1974) Detection of polarized light by the homing pigeon, Columba livia. J Comp Physiol A 89:83–92

LEDs are embedded around a light-guiding diffusion plate. Uniform light is radiated from a flat emitting surface. The product lineup includes the LFR-100K and LFR-130K Light Units, in which light is radiated from an emitting surface arranged at an angle.

Åkesson S (1994) Comparative orientation experiments with different species of long-distance migrants: effect of magnetic field manipulation. Anim Behav 48:1379–1393