Microscopes can be used to check whether microorganisms are able to appear by spontaneous generation. Obsolete by now, because Louis Pasteur has already shown that spontaneous generation of life does not occur.

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Specimens that do not possess much color but a different refractive index that the surrounding mounting medium can be referred to as phase specimens as they cause a phase-shift in of the light. The unaided human eye is not capable of detecting this phase shift. This phase shift is then converted into a brightness difference by the optics of the phase-contrast microscope. Bacteria are a good example here. They are nearly completely transparent but nevertheless appear darker or brighter (depending on the optics) than the background.

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You may try using polarized light for this project – fish scales are anisotropic and relatively birefringent, so these should have some effect on rotating plane polarized light.

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Please, what’s the relevance of these microscopes to obstacles in spontaneous generation?Thanks. The answer can be sent to my e-mail address. It can be published.

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Christiano, Lawrence, and Terry J. Fitzgerald. 1999. “The Band Pass Filter.” Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Working Paper No. 99-06. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-199906

Hi there, looking to compare the utility of DFM in fish scale imaging, as opposed to current bright field microscopy. I’m with the CA Department of Fish and Game, Fisheries Division, and part of our mission is to age fish by scale analysis. These scales are often difficult to image due to their translucent nature and relative imperviousness to staining; I’m therefore looking into converting our Olympus BX40 to phase-contrast. Thoughts? –Thom

Amplitude specimens possess a color and are able to decrease the brightness of the passing light all on their own. These specimens are best observed using bright-field microscopy. Pigmented structures (such as chloroplasts) and specimens that are selectively stained are examples.

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Working Papers of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment on research in progress. They may not have been subject to the formal editorial review accorded official Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland publications. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland or the Federal Reserve System.

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Many specimens are a combination of these two. Here the choice of the right kind of microscope is important in order to see that what one wants to see. Phase contrast microscopes will optically darken certain structures to the extent that it is not possible to see the natural color of the structure. In this case it is probably better to use bright field microscopy. Stained bacteria, for example, should be observed in bright field.

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Air is completely transparent, I hope you agree. And water is transparent. If this is indeed the case, then why is it possible to see air bubbles in water? The answer is, that the bubbles have a different refractive index than the surrounding medium, the water. Phase contrast microscopy is now capable of converting a difference in refractive index into a difference in brightness. The optics of the phase contrast microscope would make objects appear brighter or darker (depending on the optics used), thereby increasing their color contrast with the surrounding mounting medium. Visit the Microscopy Shop! >>> USA Shop | Germany Shop | UK Shop | Canada Shop <<< As an Amazon Affiliate, I earn a commission but it does not cost you more.

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