After the bonding procedure, the samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. The shear bond strength of each bracket was tested using a universal testing machine. A chisel-shaped blade was positioned parallel to the bracket-tooth interface, and a shear force was applied at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until bracket debonding occurred. The bond strength was recorded in megapascals (MPa).

This in vitro study involved 60 extracted human premolars, randomly divided into three groups (n = 20) based on the type of LCU used: halogen, LED, and plasma arc. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 10) based on light-curing time (10 sec and 20 sec). The brackets were bonded using a standardized adhesive system. The bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine, and the data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and post-hoc tests.

The bond strength of orthodontic brackets varied significantly with different LCUs and curing times. The results are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

The halogen LCU, although less efficient in terms of curing time, still provided adequate bond strength, with a notable increase observed at the 20-sec curing time (15.3 ± 1.5 MPa). Halogen lights have been the traditional choice for many years and provide a broad spectrum of light that can polymerize a variety of dental materials. However, the longer curing times required for halogen lights can be a limitation in clinical practice, particularly when treating multiple teeth.[7]

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Light curing units (LCUs) are extensively used in orthodontics to polymerize the adhesive materials used for bonding brackets. The evolution of LCUs has seen a transition from traditional halogen lights to more advanced options such as light-emitting diode (LED) lights and plasma arc lights, each with distinct characteristics and curing capabilities.[2,3] The effectiveness of these LCUs in achieving optimal bond strength is influenced by various factors, including light intensity, wavelength, and curing time.[4]

This in vitro study involved 60 extracted human premolars, which were collected from patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Before bonding, the teeth were embedded in acrylic resin blocks with the buccal surfaces exposed and polished with pumice to ensure a uniform bonding surface.

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1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India

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Several studies have highlighted the impact of different LCUs on bond strength, with varying results based on the type of light source and the duration of curing.[5,6] Halogen lights, which have been used for decades, provide a broad spectrum of light but require longer curing times compared to newer technologies. LED lights offer a more focused wavelength with reduced curing times, while plasma arc lights provide high-intensity light that can significantly shorten curing times.[7] Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of light curing time on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets using different LCUs in an in vitro setting. Understanding these dynamics can help clinicians make informed decisions about the choice of LCUs and curing protocols, ultimately improving treatment outcomes.

The bond strength of orthodontic brackets is crucial for successful orthodontic treatment. Light curing units (LCUs) play a significant role in this process, with varying light curing times potentially impacting bond strength.

The results demonstrate that longer curing times generally result in higher bond strengths for orthodontic brackets, with the plasma arc LCU providing the highest bond strength at 20 seconds of curing.

The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA to compare the mean bond strengths among the different groups. Post-hoc tests (Tukey’s HSD) were performed to identify significant differences between individual groups. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The bond strength of orthodontic brackets is a critical factor in the success of orthodontic treatment, influencing both the efficiency and effectiveness of the treatment process. Adequate bond strength ensures that the brackets remain attached to the tooth surface under various forces exerted during orthodontic adjustments, thus preventing bond failures that could extend treatment time and increase costs.[1]

The present study investigated the influence of light curing time on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets using different LCUs. The results demonstrated that both the type of LCU and the duration of light curing significantly affect bond strength, with longer curing times generally resulting in higher bond strengths. These findings are consistent with previous studies, which have reported that increased curing times enhance the polymerization of adhesive resins, thereby improving bond strength.[1,2]

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In conclusion, the study highlights the critical role of light curing time and the type of LCU in achieving optimal bond strength for orthodontic brackets. Longer curing times generally result in higher bond strengths, with plasma arc and LED lights providing efficient and effective polymerization.

Statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated that both the type of LCU and the curing time had significant effects on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets (P < 0.001). However, the interaction between the type of LCU and curing time was not statistically significant (P = 0.356).

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LED LCUs, which have gained popularity due to their efficiency and ease of use, also demonstrated significant bond strengths, particularly with a 20-sec curing time (16.8 ± 1.6 MPa). LED lights emit a narrow spectrum of light, specifically targeting the camphorquinone photoinitiator in most dental resins, resulting in efficient polymerization.[5] Moreover, LEDs generate less heat compared to halogen and plasma arc lights, reducing the risk of thermal damage to the tooth structure.[6]

The mean bond strength of orthodontic brackets was highest in the Plasma Arc LCU group with a 20-sec curing time (17.1 ± 1.7 MPa), followed by the LED LCU group with a 20-sec curing time (16.8 ± 1.6 MPa). The Halogen LCU group with a 20-sec curing time also showed a significant bond strength (15.3 ± 1.5 MPa). Shorter curing times results in lower bond strengths for all LCUs. The 10-sec curing time for the Halogen LCU group showed the lowest bond strength (12.5 ± 1.3 MPa).

2Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedic, Government Dental College and Hospital, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Address for correspondence: Dr. Anand A. Tripathi, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: [email protected]

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The results showed that the bond strength of orthodontic brackets varied significantly with different LUCs and curing times. The halogen LCU group demonstrated a mean bond strength of 12.5 MPa for 10 sec and 15.3 MPa for 20 sec. The LED LCU group showed a mean bond strength of 14.2 MPa for 10 sec and 16.8 MPa for 20 sec. The plasma arc LCU group exhibited a mean bond strength of 13.8 MPa for 10 sec and 17.1 MPa for 20 sec. Statistical analysis revealed that the LCU type and the light curing time significantly affected the bond strength (P < 0.05).

Bond strength; curing time; halogen light; in vitro study; LED light; light-curing units; orthodontic brackets; plasma arc light

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3Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Seema Dental College and Hospital, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India