If in case a 3rd polarizer is placed in between the first two then no light is transmitted, it can be assumed that the first two polarizers are of the same transmission axis such that angle between the two is zero. Now, the third polarizer that was placed between the two have a transmission axis perpendicular to both polarizers. In this set-up, as light passes through the middle polarizer, intensity was minimum since their transmission axis is perpendicular. As the light with minimum intensity from the middle polarizer passes through the end polarizer, as their transmission axis is also perpendicular, its intensity was again minimized into very small amount that it can be assumed that no light was transmitted.

Malus’ law is only obeyed by the laser diode and not by the plain light source unless the plain light source would be linearly polarized at a specific angle. Malus’ law says that intensity goes as cosine squared of the angle between electric field and the polarizer. [1] The maximum intensity of light transmitted by the analyzer is obtained when the polarization axes of polarizer and analyzer is parallel to each other and minimum if they are perpendicular to each other. This is shown in laser diode in Figure W2.

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Where I0 is the intensity of the incident beam and k is a constant of proportionality. Equation (2) is commonly known as Malu’s Law.

E­0 is the amplitude of the incident electric field and ϴ is the angle between the polarization of the incident light and the transmission axis. Since the intensity of light is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field amplitude, the intensity Itrans of the light transmitted is given by

Polarization of light sources. The polarizer was placed between the laser and the light sensor which are at the other ends of the optical bench. Data collection time was set from 0 s up to 5 s in the Lab Quest. The graph of intensity (in lux) versus time (in seconds) was also set in the Graph Screen. The sensitivity of the light sensor was switched to 6000 lux and the light sensor reading in the Meter Screen was zeroed to eliminate the need to perform background subtraction. The laser was turned on and its transmitted beam was ensured to hit the center of the light sensor. The data collection was started and was eventually ended after the set observation duration. The mean of the intensity data was recorded as the intensity value for the angle. The measurement was performed for all other angles from 0° to 360° with increments of 30°. Using the plain light source, the setting of the light sensor was switched to 600 lux and the procedures were repeated. The intensity of transmitted light as a function of θ for the laser and plain light source was plotted.

Since the maximum intensity in the previous part was in 30°, the angle of the polarizer remained at 30° while the angle of analyzer was varied with increments of 30°. This will not affect the result.

In the y-axis, divergence would be equal to zero (or minimum) if the partial derivative of electric field (which is also the magnetic field) is perpendicular to the electric field. This is shown in Figure W2 where minimum values of ratio of intensity at a given angle are found at n. The electric and magnetic field components are orthogonal to the direction of propagation which is a characteristic of a transverse wave. [4]

Let x be the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. Since x is the direction of propagation, y and z axes would be the electric field and magnetic field. This could be in any orientation since x, y, and z axes are always orthogonal with each other. But, for this, let y be the direction of electric field and z be the direction of magnetic field. Using Maxwell’s equation (region of empty charge):

The plain light source is expected to not follow the trend. The plain light source does not obey the Malus’ Law since it is not linearly polarized.

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Light acting as a wave could be either a transverse or a longitudinal wave. One of the known characteristic of transverse waves including electromagnetic waves is the polarization. Polarization is a description of the direction of oscillation of a wave. When considering an electromagnetic wave, direction of polarization is defined as the direction of the electric field vector because many common electromagnetic wave detectors respond to the electric forces on electrons in materials, not the magnetic forces[1].

[2] Tipler, P. A., Mosca, G.. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 5th Edition(undelined/italicized). W.H. Freeman and Company. 2004

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Light amplification visors are the rarest of Doom's powerups, as they undo the various lighting effects that are an integral part of the game's atmosphere (although four can be found in E2M6, and three in MAP10 (Doom II)). In Ultra Violence they appear in only 11 unique maps throughout Ultimate Doom, Doom II and Final Doom.

Since electric field is propagates in y-axis only, only y-component will have a value. Same goes for the magnetic field.

If in case the intensity of the transmitted light of a plain light source upon two ideal polarizers is Itrans =3I0/8, since the plain light is unpolarized, only half would be transmitted.

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In Table W1, the maximum intensity in the laser diode was found in an angle of  while the minimum was found in . In the plain light source, maximum intensity was found in  while the minimum was found .

In creating polarized light from an unpolarized light includes the use of a polarizing filter or simply polarizers. This device transmits light polarized parallel along the particular direction known as transmission or polarizing axis and any other components with different polarizations. When polarizing an unpolarized light incident upon two polarizers, linearly polarized light will have an electric field vector oscillating along a particular axis. Only the electric field component Etrans parallel to the transmission axis given by equation (1) will be transmitted if this is incident upon a polarizer.

Investigating Malus’ Law. The setup in the previous part was modified by placing a second polarizer in between the light sensor and the first polarizer. The polarizer and the analyzer were rotated to the angle corresponding to the maximum intensity recorded in the previous part. This was recorded as. The analyzer was rotated in increments 30°. The intensities were recorded for each relative angle. The intensity as function of angle between polarizer and analyzer for the laser diode and plain light source was graphed.

But, Malus’ law only applies if the incident light passing through the analyzer is already linearly polarized. [1] So, it does apply to laser.

The light amplification visor is a powerup that appears as a pair of gray goggles with blinking red lenses. Picking one up will show everything at full brightness for 120 seconds. When 5 seconds remain, the display will begin blinking back to its original light level, signaling the end of the visor's effects. In Doom 64, instead of blinking the added light effect simply fades into the current lighting (or lack thereof) when the power up runs out.

The greatest ratio of intensities can be found at nπ. These angles can be found along x-axis were values of cosine are greatest.

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The maximum intensity in the previous part was in 30°. The laser could have been already linearly polarized at the angle of 30°. According to Malus’s law, the polarized light passing through an analyzer is given by the equation:

[1] H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman, Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update, Chapter 33: The Nature and Propagation of Light, Pearson Education Limited, Singapore, 2014

Many players have lamented the replacement of the light amplification visor in Doom 3 with the flashlight, as the player cannot use the flashlight and another weapon at the same time. the DOOM 3 BFG edition does allow both to be used simultaneously however.

Any actual light source contains large number of molecules that have different or random orientations that cause emitted light to have random mixture of waves linearly polarized – when electric field vector is restricted to oscillate along a single plane in every possible transverse directions and is called unpolarized or natural light. Polarized electromagnetic waves can be produced by four different phenomena: (1) absorption, (2) reflection, (3) scattering and (4) birefringence [2]. In the experiment, polarization by absorption would be explored.

The intensity of light does not dictate whether the Malus’ law is obeyed or not. Malus’ law is merely the relationship between the ratio of transmitted to incident amplitude and the cosine of the angle of the polarizer. Since, intensity is directly proportional to squared amplitude. Malus’ law also describes the relationship between the ratio of incident and transmitted intensity to squared cosine of the angle. The units of incident and transmitted intensity would cancel, leaving a constant. In laser and plain light source, the incident and transmitted light is directly proportional to each other. This can be observed in Figures W2 and W3.

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Malus’ law only applies to linearly polarized light. Lasers’ light beam is oscillating in a particular stable direction. However, plain light source needed to undergo the first polarizer to be able to follow the Malus’ law. This is because light source contains randomly oriented molecules. Thus, the emitted light is a pack of randomly linear polarized waves in all possible transverse direction.

Light is an electromagnetic wave which is a transverse wave composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. One of the common characteristic of a transverse wave is the polarization. An unpolarized light can be polarized using a polarizer and by different phenomena. In the experiment, two different light source was used and was examined.

Errors can be associated to the stray light in the room. It is recommended that the working area be dark for the light sensor to focus on the initial light beams coming from either the laser or plain light source.

Diode laser produce linearly polarized light as its electric field vector always oscillated in a fixed direction in space as shown in Figure W1. Its magnetic vectors oscillate at the right angles given to the electric field. On the other hand, the plain light source is unpolarized. It fluctuates randomly and quickly as shown also in Figure W1. This is because mostly in ordinary light, the radiation of molecules are not synchronized and thus, do not maintain a constant direction of oscillation. [3]