It was followed by Sing 2, again directed by Jennings, which was released on December 22, 2021. Despite opening to a modest $41 million over a five-day weekend (and $23 million over the normal three-day frame),[45] the film would eventually become the highest-grossing animated film of 2021, as well as the highest-grossing animated film released during the COVID-19 pandemic, earning $163 million stateside and $408 million worldwide.[46] Minions: The Rise of Gru, directed by Balda, was released on July 1, 2022, after a delay of two years caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[47][48][49] The film earned $125 million stateside over the four-day July 4 weekend, a new record over said timeframe.[50] The film would go on to overtake Sing 2 as the highest-grossing animated film during the pandemic, with $369 million domestically and $939 million worldwide.[51][52]

Dark field microscopeHistory

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Oblique illumination was the first step toward dark-field microscopy sometimes referred to as dark-ground microscopy. Dark-field microscopy illuminates specimens with oblique light in the form of a hollow cone. Oblique light from the cone is focused on the specimen but only light that is reflected, refracted or diffracted enters the objective. The specimens are generally highly refractile and must be spaced apart. Dark-field microscopy works primarily by increasing the contrast of the specimen. It does not work well with objects that are crowded or too thick and it can be used to study biological sections if unstained or if covered with silver or gold particles. Other good specimens for dark-field include: cell cultures, microbes, plankton, foods, fibers, crystals, colloids, arthropods, autoradiographs or tissues labelled with metal particles. The subjects appear bright against a black background and can produce striking images. The addition of coloured filters or Rheinberg filters can also be used with the technique though the colours do not provide additional information (R. Berdan 2017). Dark-field microscopy today is also used to examine pathogenic bacteria and in live blood analysis (see article on blood on this web site).

Illumination has produced 15 feature films, with an average gross of $711 million per film. Three of their films—The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023), Minions (2015) and Despicable Me 3 (2017)—are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time, and eight of their films are also among the 50 highest-grossing animated films. Its first film, Despicable Me, was released on July 9, 2010, and its latest film, Despicable Me 4, was released on July 3, 2024; their upcoming slate of films includes The Super Mario Bros. Movie 2 on April 3, 2026 and Minions 3 on June 30, 2027

Illumination's films generally have a budget between $60–80 million. Meledandri prefers to keep Illumination adhering to a low-cost model, recognising that "strict cost controls and hit animated films are not mutually exclusive". In an industry where film expenses often exceed $100 million, Illumination's first two releases were completed with significantly lower budgets, considering Despicable Me's $69 million budget and Hop's $63 million budget. One way the company sustains a lean financial model is by employing cost-conscious animation techniques that lower the expenses and render times of its computer graphics.[23] To date, The Super Mario Bros. Movie and Despicable Me 4 are the studio's most expensive films, both with a $100 million budget.[24][25]

Dark field microscopesimpledefinition

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In a similar fashion to Sony Pictures Animation and Warner Bros. Pictures Animation, Illumination does not produce its films in-house where it is based in Santa Monica, but rather outsources the animation production of its films to other studios. Most of its films are animated by Illumination Studios Paris,[3] a subsidiary formed through the purchase of Mac Guff (which animated the first Despicable Me).[20][21] So far, the only Illumination film not to be animated by Illumination Studios Paris or Mac Guff was Hop, which was animated by Rhythm & Hues Studios.[22]

Dark fieldmicroscopy

After the closure of Walter Lantz Productions in March 1972 and prior to the release of Despicable Me, Universal distributed a few animated films from 1986 to 2009 that were produced by outside studios, including An American Tail, The Land Before Time, Jetsons: The Movie, the Amblimation films, (An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story, and Balto), The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie, The Tale of Despereaux, and 9 (under its Focus Features subsidiary) while their in-house animation studio produced Curious George in 2006.

The Super Mario Bros. Movie, an animated film based on the Mario video game franchise as a collaboration with Nintendo directed by Aaron Horvath and Michael Jelenic, was released on April 5, 2023.[53][17][54][55] The film debuted to a $146.4 million domestic opening weekend, holding several box office records including the highest opening weekend for a video game adaptation as well as the highest opening weekend for Illumination.[56][57] The film would go on to gross $574.9 million domestically and $1.36 billion worldwide, becoming the third Illumination film to cross the $1 billion mark, as well as the second highest-grossing film of 2023.[58][59] Migration, an original film directed by Benjamin Renner, was released on December 22, 2023.[60][61] It was followed by Despicable Me 4, directed by Renaud, on July 3, 2024.[60]

Meledandri left as President of 20th Century Fox Animation and Blue Sky Studios in early 2007. While at those companies he supervised or executive-produced movies including Ice Age, Robots, Ice Age: The Meltdown, and Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!. After leaving, he founded Illumination Entertainment and a deal was announced positioning Illumination Entertainment as Universal's family entertainment arm, that would produce one to two films a year starting in 2010.[9] As part of the deal, Illumination retains creative control and Universal Pictures exclusively distributes the films.[10]

In 2011, Illumination acquired the animation department of the French animation and visual effects studio Mac Guff, which animated Despicable Me and Dr. Seuss' The Lorax, and formed Illumination Mac Guff (later Illumination Studios Paris).[11][12][13]

Fluorescencemicroscope

Future projects include a sequel to The Super Mario Bros. Movie on April 3, 2026 and Minions 3 on June 30, 2027.[67][68][69][70] Other films the studio has in development include Big Tree, a film based on an illustrated novel by Brian Selznick from an idea by Meledandri and Steven Spielberg,[71] The Secret Life of Pets 3,[72] Sing 3,[73] and an original animated film with frequent collaborator and musician Pharrell Williams that will be "made from scratch."[17] Additionally, Illumination is in negotiations with toy company Mattel to produce an animated film based on the Barbie series of fashion dolls.[74][75][76]

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On May 19, 2011, Illumination announced that it would be working with Universal Pictures to create Despicable Me Minion Mayhem, a 3-D ride at Universal Parks & Resorts in Orlando, Hollywood, and Osaka.[62] The ride officially opened on July 2, 2012, in Orlando, in Hollywood on April 12, 2014, and in Osaka on April 21, 2017. In April 2019, it was announced they would collaborate again on the creation of The Secret Life of Pets: Off the Leash!, a dark ride attraction at Universal Studios Hollywood.[63][64] While its opening was scheduled for March 27, 2020, it was delayed until further notice due to the outbreak of COVID-19 in California.[65] It eventually opened on April 8, 2021.[66]

On September 23, 2022, Illumination announced its hiring of former Netflix head of adult animation Mike Moon as senior creative advisor, and a new label led by Moon known as Moonlight, which will aim to "produce animated films that push beyond the family genre".[18][19]

Dark-field can be added to almost any light microscope for less than many other techniques. A simple method uses spider-stops (shown above) to create a cone of light by placing the spider-stops in a filter tray below the condenser or on top of the light source below the condenser. These metal filters can be purchased for a few dollars.  Early on I used small coins like a penny, dime, nickel or quarter and placed them in the center of a light blue filter or on the light source under the condenser to achieve dark-field lighting. You will need different sized coins for different objectives and moving the condenser up or down also varies the light cone size. Spider-stops and coins generally only work with low power objectives but are easy to try though results will vary. Another method to add dark-field requires a desk lamp or fiber optic lamp and lighting the specimen from above and removing the condenser (R. Vossen, 2004). I have used this “top-lighting” method successfully with larger aquatic arthropods and low magnification objectives 2.5X and 5X. Some phase condensers have a dark-field option that can be used with low power objectives (10 to 40X) and if there isn’t a dark-field option sometimes you can achieve good dark-field by using the wrong phase ring with some objectives.

Dark field microscopeuses

On August 22, 2016, NBCUniversal acquired competing studio DreamWorks Animation, which fueled speculation that Meledandri was to oversee both studios.[14][15][16] While he had been approached by NBCUniversal to oversee both studios, he turned down the offer and later explained "I love the process of making films and working with artists. I don't think I'm particularly great at managing companies".[17]

The ultra-microscope was the first dark-field microscope.  Richard Zsigmondy studied nanoparticles and developed the first ultra-microscope with Siedenkopf.  Zsigmondy received the Nobel Prize in 1925 for his work on nanoparticles. Today there is a renewed interest in nanoparticles and dark-field microscopy has regained importance and popularity.  I use dark-field microscopy to study and photograph mainly aquatic micro-organisms and find that it complements other forms of microscopy.

The BA310 is designed for the daily routine work in universities, clinics, laboratories, and life sciences or medical applications.

Not unlike Pixar, in its early days Illumination depended on a core group of directors and writers to create its films. The directors of Despicable Me, Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud, also directed or co-directed Dr. Seuss' The Lorax, Despicable Me 2, Minions, The Secret Life of Pets, and Despicable Me 3. Screenwriters Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio (who had written Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! for Meledandri at Fox) wrote or co-wrote Despicable Me, Hop, Dr. Seuss' The Lorax, Despicable Me 2, The Secret Life of Pets, and Despicable Me 3, while screenwriter Brian Lynch wrote or co-wrote Hop, Minions, and The Secret Life of Pets.

Dark field microscopefilter

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Most high magnification dark-field condensers require oil immersion fluid between the condenser and microscope slide because the angle of incidence of light leaving the top of condenser is greater than the critical angle for glass to air;  thus no light emerges from the condenser until it has the immersion oil applied to the condenser surface (Bagnell 2012). High magnification objectives designed for dark-field microscopy also have a built in iris diaphragm that permits the NA of the objective to be reduced.

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Illumination, formerly known as Illumination Entertainment, is an American animation studio founded by Chris Meledandri on January 17, 2007, after leaving 20th Century Fox Animation and is a division of Universal Pictures,[5][6][7] a division of Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal; Meledandri produces the films, while Universal finances and distributes them.[6] The studio is best known for creating the Despicable Me, The Secret Life of Pets, and Sing franchises, as well as the adaptations of Dr. Seuss' books The Lorax and How the Grinch Stole Christmas!; and Nintendo video games, starting with The Super Mario Bros. Movie.[8] The Minions, characters from the Despicable Me series, are the mascots of the studio.

Dark field microscopediagram

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The downsides of dark-field microscopy are that it is not useful with thick specimens and it is less useful in identifying internal details.  Also dirt, dust and particles in water show up as bright spots. I often need to clean background spots in images using image editing software like Photoshop.

The Secret Life of Pets was released on July 8, 2016.[37] Directed by Renaud and Yarrow Cheney, the film would earn $104 million in its opening weekend, going on to gross $368 million domestically, and $875 million worldwide. Sing, a comedy written and directed by Garth Jennings, was released on December 21, 2016.[38] It was the first movie for the studio to have a Christmas release. The film would earn $56 million in its first 5 days, grossing $270 million stateside and $634 million worldwide. It also holds the record for the highest-grossing film not to ever be at No. 1 in its run. Despicable Me 3, which reunited Coffin and Balda as directors, was released on June 30, 2017, to a $75 million domestic opening weekend.[39] The film would then go on to gross $264 million domestically and $1.034 billion worldwide, making it the second film from the studio to cross the $1 billion mark, as well as highest-grossing animated film of 2017. At the time of its release, it also set a record for the highest theatre count ever with 4,536 theatres in its second week.[40] The film that followed was an adaptation of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, simply titled The Grinch, which was released on November 9, 2018, with Scott Mosier and Cheney as directors and featuring a screenplay by Michael LeSieur and Tommy Swerdlow.[38] The film opened to $67 million in its first domestic weekend[41] and went on to earn $271 million stateside and $513 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing Christmas film of all time.[42] The Secret Life of Pets 2, again directed by Renaud, was released on June 7, 2019, to a domestic opening weekend of $47 million,[43] going on to gross $159 million stateside and $446 million worldwide, making less than half of its predecessor.[44]

In addition, two web short series are in development by Pierre Coffin: A Minions spin-off titled Who's Who, and an original series titled Bones Story. The shorts will be released on TikTok and subsequently on YouTube.[73]

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum, a bacterium classified under the Spirochaetes phylum. Schaudinn and Hoffmann discovered the bacteria Treponema pallidum in tissue of patients with syphilis in 1905.  In 1906, Landsteiner (he also discovered different AB0 blood types) introduced the use of dark-field microscopy for the detection of the spirochete causing syphilis which in turn increased the popularity of dark-field microscopy (Tampa et al. 2014).

High magnification dark-field microscopy requires special dark-field condensers and the objectives for use with these possess an iris diaphragm which can be used to reduce the numerical aperture of the objective. Numerical aperture (NA) is commonly used in microscopy to describe the light acceptance cone of an objective. Objectives with larger numerical apertures offer more light gathering power and higher resolving power.  The NA of the objective is written on each objective.  More expensive objectives have higher numerical apertures and generally higher magnification objectives have greater NA’s then lower power objectives. For high resolution dark-field the NA of the condenser must be larger than the NA of the objective lens in order to prevent direct light from entering the objective. A 100X objective with NA = 1.25 requires a condenser with NA 1.4.

The studio's first film, Despicable Me, directed by Chris Renaud and Pierre Coffin, was released on July 9, 2010, and was a commercial success, earning $56 million on its opening weekend, and going on to ticket sales of $251 million domestically and $543 million worldwide.[26][27] Illumination's second film was the live-action/CGI hybrid Hop. Directed by Tim Hill and released on April 1, 2011, the film had a $37 million opening, ending up with $108 million domestically and $183 million worldwide.[28] Hop was followed by an adaptation of Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (also directed by Renaud), which debuted on March 2, 2012, earning $70 million on its opening weekend, and with eventual totals of $214 million in the US market and $348 million worldwide. The studio's first sequel, Despicable Me 2, again directed by Renaud and Coffin, opened in the United States on July 3, 2013, to a domestic five-day opening weekend of $142 million (and $82 million over the regular three-day frame), making it, at the time of its release, the biggest animated film to open on that frame.[29] The film would go on to earn $368 million domestically and $970 million worldwide,[30][31] becoming the second highest-grossing 2013 animated film and breaking a record as the most profitable Universal Pictures film in its 100-year history.[32] A spin-off of the Despicable Me franchise, titled Minions, directed by Coffin and newcomer Kyle Balda, was released on July 10, 2015[33] to a domestic opening weekend of $115 million.[34] The film would go on to gross $336 million domestically and $823 million overseas, amounting to a worldwide total of $1.159 billion, making it the highest-grossing animated film of 2015 and, at the time of its release, the second highest-grossing animated film of all time, behind Walt Disney Animation Studios' Frozen (2013).[35][36]

Dark-field microscopy is ideal for specimens with smooth reflective surfaces. Specimens with a different refractive index or refractive index gradients from their surrounding solution bend the light into the objective.  Some of this is light is also diffracted entering the objective and can undergo interference. Under appropriate conditions dark-field microscopy can detect particles or fibers significantly smaller than the resolution limit of a normal light microscope (0.2 microns or 200 nm). This is possible due to diffraction disks provided the distance between the particles or fibers is greater than the resolving power of the objective.  For this reason a dark-field microscope can detect suspended particles down to 40 nm in size and even bacteria flagella which is approximately 20 nm in width.

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Dark field microscopeprinciple

Dark-field is a technique that can be added to almost any light microscope and is economical in cost. Sometimes spider-disks or even coins can be used with low magnification objectives. The use of sliders or multipurpose condensers can produce better results for low power objectives (10, 20 and 40X). High magnification dark-field requires special condensers that have a numerical aperture greater than the high magnification objectives which have an iris diaphragms to reduce the objectives NA below that of the condenser. Dark-field has the ability to detect specimens below the limit of a normal light microscope resolution (200 nm) so that particles and fibers (20-40 nm) can be detected. This makes dark-field useful in the study of nanoparticles and microbes but it can also create beautiful images of aquatic-microorganisms.

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