Innovations in lighting

Another example is using natural phenomena such as water droplets on a pane of glass. Researchers from University of Bonn were able to reconstruct 4D information about light from how light bends through water droplets, allowing them to recreate new views of the scenes from different angles.

Electroluminescent diodes work like semiconductor diodes which generate light in forward direction. Light is emitted in this way. The abbreviation LED stands for "light-emitting diode". The energy and colour of generated light is determined by the semi-conductor material used and its doping. Mixed crystals such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), etc. are used.

The luminous intensity grows proportionally to the amperage, which is used in industrial machine vision in order to generate high quantities of light by means of high-power LEDs. A consumption of 5 - 25 watts is typical for an LED illumination. The energy yield can be increased even further if you increase the amperage over 100% of the permissible value. The LED would be damaged in continuous operation immediately. By means of a flash controller, however, short intense current pulses (1 per inspection) can be used to overflash to the triple to sixfold quantity in order to generate a multiple of the luminous power.

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The first part of a camera which interacts with photons of light from the environment is the optics of the camera. Of course the first camera had no optics or lenses, just a singular hole (called a pinhole) which blocked out rays of light except for a single ray passing through the center of the hole. This formed an inverted image and gave rise to the word “camera obscura” or dark chamber in Latin. Pinhole cameras were used extensively throughout the Renaissance period.

Polarizing filters are used to select which light rays enter your camera lens. They can remove unwanted reflections from non-metallic surfaces such as water or ...

Ein 4K TV kann Bilder mit einer Auflösung von 4K darstellen. Das bedeutet, dass 3.840 horizontale Pixel und 2.160 vertikale Pixel verwendet werden, was ...

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If you want the biggest camera sensor sizes, you'll need to be looking at medium format, which is a wider range, usually around 43.80 x 32.90mm to 53.0 x 40.20 ...

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Cameras have evolved quite a bit over the past few centuries in the way they capture, record and interpret light. From pinhole cameras to camera lens options and now computational cameras, camera optics are quickly evolving to allow us to develop more quality, useful photos than ever before.

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The LED consists of a semiconductor material that is n-doped, on top there is a very thin p-doped layer which has a lack of charge carriers. When applying a voltage, an excess of charges is generated in the junction, which recombine with holes in the p-doped material and release their energy there. Since the upper layer is very thin, the light flash can emerge from the material. The light generated in this way is monochromatic due to the exactly defined energy amounts of the semiconductor material. As opposed to an incandescent lamp, the light always has one particular colour.

For instance, lensless cameras utilize diffractive masks or coded apertures above the camera, allowing the computer to refocus a blurry image after capture and enabling applications such as 3D photography. These cameras can be made ultrathin and are useful for space-constrained applications where a lens would be too bulky to deploy.

White LEDs, too, primary only generate monochromatic light. Only by means of a trick, white light is produced: The light of a 100% blue-emitting LED stimulates yellow fluorescent dyes, which are arranged around the light-emitting crystal. White light is mixed from the direct emission of blue light and the fluorescence of yellow-green and red light.

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However, pinhole cameras had a severe problem: they lost too much light, making it difficult to use them in dark environments or when an object is moving in the scene. A lens is the update over the pinhole, allowing the focusing of light rays rather than blocking them out to create a focused image. This came at a cost: you couldn’t keep the whole scene in focus, as the bending of light was governed by the lens design. But the lens is the workhorse of the modern camera. Its size and shape govern the optical properties of the system.

Computational cameras go beyond the traditional optics of a lensed system to recover more information from the visual environment. Changing the optics of the camera can include introducing new optical layers which mix rays of light in special patterns that can be decoded later. Light scatters, bends, and reflects at these optical interfaces, and this physical knowledge can be used to infer information about the light paths traveled in the scene to the camera.

The narrow aperture results in more depth of field because light that is forced through the small opening results in objects being more in focus, even if the ...

Computation is the new lens, and we can utilize more unusual lenses and optical layers in our cameras while extracting pretty pictures, and even more useful information from the resulting captures.

Light-emitting diodes, LEDs for short, have been used for approximately 10 years in industrial image processing. By constantly improving the semi-conductor materials, the intensity could be increased extremely. Today, LED lights cover a major part of industrial applications. Halogen and fluorescent lamps are only frequently used in applications which require large-area illumination, like robot applications or line scan camera inspections where much light and/or the illumination of large areas is required as well.