When hydrogen chloride gas becomes hydrochloric acid, it has a greater tendency to completely dissociate into ions compared to weaker acids. As a strong acid, HCl can easily lose its hydrogen ions, which are then replaced by other elements. It dissolves many types of metals, including iron, by liberating the hydrogen gas from the solution. This process is exothermic.

Sulfuricacid

The lower the pKa, the easier it is for an acid solution to give up or donate protons. This means that acid is basically a proton donor. The acidity level of hydrochloric acid is relatively high. When hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water, the acidity constant or pKa is −5.9.

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Hydrochloric acid is an inorganic acid composed of only two elements: hydrogen and chlorine. It has the simple chemical formula HCl. It only becomes an acid when dissolved in water, technically known as an aqueous solution. When dissolved in water, the formula can be written as HCl (aq).

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a naturally occuring acid that’s produced in the stomachs of mammals to aid digestion. In humans, it’s found in the gastric juice, a.k.a. stomach acid, where it helps to break down food. But HCl is also produced industrially by dissolving gaseous hydrogen chlorine in water. As a corrosive and acidic solution, hydrochloric acid has several applications in manufacturing and processing various products.

Hydrogen chloride

In an aqueous solution, the negative chlorine ion dissociates with the positive hydrogen ion. The extra hydrogen then combines with the water molecule, forming a positive ion group consisting of a central oxygen atom that’s surrounded by three hydrogens. This forms a tetrahedral ionic structure known as protonated water, with the ionic formula H3O+.

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The true measure of the strength of an acid is the dissociation constant, or pKa. This is the ratio between the number of ions and the number of molecules of a substance in a water solution. The formula is written as:

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A study that combined infrared, Raman, X-ray, and neutron diffraction revealed that concentrated hydrochloric acid forms H5O2+ as the dominant cation. This cation and the chloride anions are hydrogen-bonded to the neighboring water molecules in a variety of ways.

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In the body, HCl is produced by the parietal cells, which release hydrogen and chlorine ions. Hydrochloric acid is particularly important in maintaining the necessary pH required to activate pepsin, the main digestive enzyme that’s crucial in digesting proteins.

If it’s not dissolved in water, it’s known simply as hydrogen chloride. In this state, it’s a colourless gas at room temperature. The official IUPAC name of hydrochloric acid is chlorane, but it’s also known by many other names, including muriatic acid, spirits of salt, hydronium chloride, and chlorhydric acid.

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Industrially, HCl is produced by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. When it comes to industrial applications, hydrochloric acid has various essential roles that it plays, from keeping swimming pools at the optimum pH to producing inorganic and organic compounds. Here are some of the practical uses of hydrochloric acid in industries:

Biologically, hydrochloric acid plays an important role in digestion. A component of gastric juice in the mammalian stomach, it gives our stomach acid a normal volume range of between 20 and 100 mL with acidic pH of between 1.5 and 3.5.

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Just like other types of acids, the pH of hydrochloric acid varies depending on the concentration. For instance, commercially available muriatic acid has a pH level of between 1 and 2 at the concentration of 31.45%.

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