Full frame: These sensors are the equivalent of 35mm film, which is 36 x 24 mm. It’s the standard size found in professional DSLRs and mirrorless cameras.

The quality of the glass, the way it’s arranged, and the amount of glass inside the lens can impact the quality of the final image. This is one of the reasons why some lenses are more expensive than others.

As you can see, cameras can be complicated! But hopefully, you now have a better understanding of how cameras work, and you know how to pick a camera of your own.

All cameras, old and new, work under the same principle: light comes through a hole and projects an image on the back of the camera. But different models feature various details, and I can’t go into all the developments, so please bear with me as I talk generically.

Point-and-shoot cameras, also known as compact cameras, may offer some manual control – but they’re meant to be used in Auto mode, and they’re all about ease of use. You simply point the camera, press the shutter button, and get a photo.

is a photographer and artistic researcher. She has been awarded and exhibited in Mexico, Italy, and the Netherlands. Through theory and practice, she explores the cultural aspect of photography, how it helps us relate to each other, the world, and ourselves. She has also a passion for teaching, communication, and social media. You can find more about her and her work at her website or acquire some of her works here.

Want to know how cameras work but don’t want to read about complicated mathematics and physics? This is the guide for you.

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DSLR stands for digital single-lens reflex, which is the digital counterpart of the popular SLR film camera. DSLRs use interchangeable lenses, and the lenses from a DSLR often work on an SLR and vice-versa.

When you push the shutter button on a DSLR, the mirror flips up to let the light pass through to the sensor. That’s why, during a DSLR exposure, you can’t see anything through the viewfinder.

Mirrorless cameras are relatively new, and prior to the last few years, they were considered amateurish because the quality didn’t match that of a DSLR.

But in reality, the basic concept of how cameras work hasn’t changed much. Put simply, the light reflected from the subject goes into the camera through a hole; it’s then projected on the back of the camera, where it’s registered by a light-sensitive material (whether a digital sensor or film).

Nowadays, mirrorless cameras have full-frame sensors just like DSLRs, so the main difference is the size – mirrorless cameras tend to be far smaller than DSLRs – and the viewfinder. You see, because mirrorless cameras don’t feature the mirror used by DSLR technology, there’s no “true” viewfinder image; instead, higher-end mirrorless cameras offer a feed to the camera sensor (so you can preview the image), while some entry-level cameras don’t have a viewfinder at all. (In the latter case, you can preview the image on the rear LCD screen.)

Let me emphasize that film is not better than digital or vice-versa. It’s a matter of personal preference, style, and storytelling.

How camera Works

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Photographers use many different camera types, but for the purposes of brevity, I’ll skip the large- and medium-format cameras and focus only on the most common options.

Sensors used in bridge cameras, point-and-shoot cameras, and smartphones are less consistent in size, but they are generally smaller than the Four Thirds standard.

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In this article, I’ll explain how most cameras work, and I’ll also explain the differences between various camera types (such as film versus digital and DSLR versus mirrorless). With this knowledge, you can make an informed choice before buying a new camera – plus, you can better understand what’s going on inside your equipment!

It’s a simple item you can create with a shoebox (or any box) painted black. Use a needle or a pin to punch a small hole, then place a negative film or a sheet of photographic paper at the back to register the image projected inside.

Medium format: Only certain professionals use sensors this big, so I won’t go into too much detail. However, it’s important to know they exist. The sensor sizes range from 43.8 x 32.9 mm to 53.7 x 40.2 mm.

Camera obscura

I won’t go into much detail here, because I’ve discussed this in depth down below. I will tell you, however, that films and sensors can have different sensitivities to light, called ISO (or ASA).

When light reaches the back of the camera, it gets recorded by the film (analog cameras) or the sensor (digital cameras).

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If you look at the giant cameras used by photography pioneers, then you check out the latest iPhone camera, you might think they don’t have anything in common.

Webcam

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Photographic film comes in different sizes (35mm, 120mm, 4×5, etc.). In the same way, you can find different digital sensor sizes; I’ll talk more about them in a later section.

Unlike pinhole cameras, most current cameras have a lens. Lenses generally include multiple glass elements that bend the light for a sharp, focused image.

A digital camera uses one sensor – once the camera is built, there’s no changing it. But analog cameras offer all sorts of film types. You can load a traditional camera with negative film (black and white or color), slide film (also known as color reversal and black and white reversal), or infrared film.

These days, digital cameras are far more popular than film cameras – yet some photographers still prefer film, and the technology is more similar than you might think.

Modern lenses contain an aperture, a hole that allows in light. In most cameras, you can control the size of the aperture, much the same way as the pupil in our eyes dilates or contracts to let in more or less light.

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Have you ever wondered why some smartphones have 108 MP and professional cameras only have 30 or 40 MP? It’s because the pixels in that 108 MP smartphone are tiny, whereas the pixels in a 30 MP full-frame DSLR are much larger. Most people know about megapixels and think that more MP equals better image quality, so smartphone camera manufacturers keep increasing the pixel count, but this isn’t always a good thing.

Of course, before you load an analog camera, you’ll need to decide which type of film you want to use, how sensitive it should be (the ISO/ASA), and how many pictures you want (conventional film rolls offer 12, 24, or 36 exposures).

Video camera

The first camera obscura was just a dark room with a hole in one of the walls. Whatever was outside of the room would be projected through the hole onto the opposite wall. Because light travels in a straight line, the projection would be upside down, as you can see in the diagram above.

Most shutters consist of two curtains. When you press your camera’s shutter button to take a photo, the first curtain slides up to expose the sensor or film to light. Once a predetermined amount of time has passed (the shutter speed), the second curtain covers the sensor or film, and the image-making process stops.

By the way, ISO is the third factor you need to consider when exposing a photograph. The ISO, along with the aperture and the shutter speed, form the exposure triangle.

If all camera sensors work the same way, then what’s the difference? Why should you buy one camera sensor over another? The main reason is that sensors come in different sizes, and so different sensors have different-sized pixels.

The main difference between film and digital cameras is the medium that registers the image. Digital cameras have a sensor that stores the image as data, while analog cameras use photosensitive film.

SLR camera

Canon camera

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The lenses that allow for wider maximum apertures are more expensive and are commonly known as fast lenses. Note that the aperture is expressed in f-numbers, like so: f/1.8, f/2.8, f/6.3, f/9, f/16, etc., where smaller f-numbers correspond to larger apertures.

Over time, the camera obscura became smaller – instead of whole rooms, it was made from boxes – and was used to aid artists when drawing.

You can make some changes afterward, such as pushing or pulling the film, as well as cross processing. However, these changes affect the entire roll and not a single photo.

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The sensor is often small, and to this day, there aren’t any full-frame bridge cameras. In fact, bridge cameras are halfway between a DSLR and a point-and-shoot camera – hence the name, “bridge.”

The forefather of the photographic camera was the camera obscura, first created in 1545 based on a principle that dates back to around 400 BCE.

Optical viewfinders (DSLRs) and electronic viewfinders (mirrorless) offer various advantages and disadvantages. I won’t get into the details here, but suffice it to say that both work great for pro-level work, and you can rely on either option for beautiful results.

In essence, this is how any photographic camera works, even the latest models. Of course, some elements have evolved, as I explain in the next section:

A camera obscura is just a box with a hole that allows light to project on the opposite side – but once you add in a light-sensitive material, you have a pinhole camera.

APS-C: These are commonly referred to as cropped sensors, because they’re cropped in comparison to full-frame sensors. The size varies according to each brand, but many manufacturers, including Nikon, Sony, and Pentax, use 23.6 x 15.6 mm, while Canon uses 22.3 x 14.9 mm.

As light moves through the lens toward the camera body, it won’t simply impact the camera sensor or film. There’s a barrier that opens and closes to block the light or allow it through, called the shutter.

Four Thirds/Micro Four Thirds: This standard was created by Panasonic and Olympus so that lenses could be compatible across brands. The size is 17.3 x 13 mm.

With digital cameras, you can change nearly every setting from image to image: the ISO, image quality, file format, and whether the shot is in color or black and white.

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Sensor sizes aren’t standard, and you’ll find that each manufacturer makes their own rules. However, here are some categories that you can use as a starting point:

The most distinctive characteristic of the DSLR is a reflex system that allows you to see exactly what you capture through the viewfinder. On the outside of the camera, you’ll notice a bump, beneath which sits a series of mirrors. On the inside, the light that comes through the lens hits a mirror in the back of the camera. This mirror is positioned at such an angle that it reflects the light up toward a pentaprism, where it bounces to reach the viewfinder.

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Do you have a favorite camera type? Do you shoot with digital or film cameras? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

Each photosite is called a pixel (sensel is a more technical term, but this article is meant to be an introduction, so I’ll stay with the commonly used pixel).

Bridge cameras are often called “superzoom cameras,” because they generally feature a wide range of focal lengths – though unlike DSLRs, you can’t swap out the lens.

Point-and-shoot cameras have a fixed lens, and while they’re quite small in size, they have become somewhat irrelevant as smartphone cameras have advanced in power and popularity.

A camera sensor is a grid of photosites that capture photons and convert them into a voltage value. This information is later processed in different ways according to the type of sensor – currently, they can be CCD or CMOS, although CCD is becoming less common.

Camera

This core process has stayed the same since the invention of photography, though the details have changed. Let’s start at the very beginning, then build up to modern-day camera equipment.

When you see that a camera has 24 megapixels, it produces images formed by 24 million pixels. Don’t be tempted by a high pixel count, though. You’ll have bigger images, yes – but they won’t necessarily be better. Let me elaborate.