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Review two suggests that, in addition to the theories of self-awareness and deterrence, BWCs may also have an impact by assisting evidence gathering. They could support memory of key events as officers’ memory retention may be affected by the experience of a traumatic event. This improved evidentiary capture could lead to increased early guilty pleas.

Only certain members of law enforcement are permitted to carry a Taser, and those officers must be trained and qualified to carry it. Even then, tasers are only permitted to be used in instances of self-defence of the officer or crowd control measures. They are only to be used when an attacker is causing harm or about to cause harm to themselves or someone else.

For instance, if a burglar enters a home and the homeowner knocks the burglar down and calls the police, that is considered a reasonable response of force. If the homeowner uses a Taser or firearm against the burglar or applies lethal force, Canadian law would likely deem that unreasonable or excessive force and the homeowner may be charged with assault or other violent charges.

Alberta law takes all weapons offences very seriously. It is extremely important to consult with an Edmonton criminal defence lawyer for charges related to Taser possession or other self-defence law inquiries.

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Since Canada’s taser laws forbid the use of a taser or stun gun, using one of these conducted energy devices in self-defence is not legal. Ownership or possession of a Taser may yield multiple criminal charges. Canadian law allows its citizens to defend themselves and their property using reasonable force. In other words, use only as much force as necessary to remove the threat to yourself, your property, or another person, usually with the least violence possible. If too much force is used, the attacked person could be charged with a crime.

Some charges may fall under the category of indictable offences or more serious charges, which are punishable by longer imprisonment terms. These cases can also heard before a judge and jury in the Superior Court.

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Review one gave no account of how the intervention was implemented, nor of any implementation challenges encountered by the primary studies.

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The Crown Prosecutor tends to build criminal cases on more than one charge, so criminal cases become very difficult to fight on one’s own. A criminal defence lawyer can help get charges reduced or dropped, mitigate any punishment or repercussions, and sometimes get a criminal record cleared. At Chadi & Company, we listen to our clients and provide specific, attentive legal counsel based on the specifics of your case. There are many sides to a prohibited weapons case, and our lawyers build a defence to address every possible path to our clients’ freedom.

For all other outcomes including for example; arrests (reported by 13 studies) and officer initiated calls for service (reported by eight studies) results were inconclusive with non-significant results.

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The summary is based on two systematic reviews. Review one consisted of a meta-analysis combining 30 studies. 17 studies were conducted in the USA, two in the UK, and one in Uruguay. The locations of the remaining 10 studies were not reported.

Lum, C., Koper, C., Wilson, D., Stoltz, M., Goodier, M., Eggins, E., Higginson, A. & Mazerolle, L. (2020). Body-worn cameras' effects on police officers and citizen behavior: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 16

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There is some evidence that the intervention has either increased or reduced crime/reoffending, but overall it has not had a statistically significant effect on crime/reoffending

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An object with practical uses may be used to aid a person’s safety in the face of a threat, but keep in mind that the concept of reasonable force still applies. The response to the threat cannot be greater than the threat perceived.

Regardless of the type of charge levied against you, having experienced legal representation makes the difference between a minimal prosecution with a clean record and a significant jail term and serious limits on your personal freedoms in the future to work, travel, or get a loan. An experienced criminal defence lawyer can be the difference between dismissing charges and spending years in jail.

The reviews did not examine the population groups or conditions the intervention might work best with. Review one carried out some analysis of study-level characteristics which may affect outcomes, and this has been summarised in the ‘effect’ section above.

Cubitt T., Lesic, R., Myers, G. & Corry, R. (2017) Body-worn video: A systematic review of literature. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 50(3), 379-396.

For minor non-traffic summary offences, officers wearing BWCs were significantly more likely to write more citations (similar to penalty notices or warnings) than those not wearing BWCs. This finding must be viewed with caution as was only examined in two studies.

Tasers are the brand name of a particular conducted energy device. Tasers are made in the United States, and only one company can import them into Canada. From there, the sale of every taser is tracked and registered. Still, taser issues have hit the headlines since 2005, and debate about their use continues:

In Review one, a number of different study designs were tested. It was found that, when compared to randomised control trials (RCTs), quasi-experiments were statistically more likely to show a relative reduction in arrests. They also showed a relative increase in dispatched and self-initiated calls for service for officers wearing BWCs. Studies that reported lower levels of contamination between the treatment and control group were statistically more likely to see reductions in arrests with BWC use.

Canadian law divides weapons into restricted and prohibited categories. Both tasers and stun guns are considered prohibited weapons, and possession and use of these items are fully banned under the Canada Criminal Code on Prohibited Weapons. Similarly, any item carried for the express purpose of self-defence is considered illegal in Canada.

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In Canada, all taser possession is considered illegal. There is a categorical ban on all conducted energy weapons such as stun guns or tasers, according to section 84 of the Canada Criminal Code. There are few exceptions – law enforcement officials with proper training and certification are permitted to carry tasers. Still, even then, the legal use of a Taser only applies to very specific circumstances. For example, Military Police are permitted to carry energy devices under Canadian taser laws, but they must be trained and qualified, and they must recertify every year.

Stun guns are devices that also carry electrical current to stop a physical attack, but a stun gun must make direct physical contact with the target. The electric shock is temporary, but a stun gun can deliver multiple shocks on a single charge.

If you are caught carrying a Taser or stun gun, you can be arrested without a warrant and charged with an indictable offence or a summary offence. The severity of the charge is up to the discretion of the Crown Prosecutor. It takes an experienced legal professional who understands Canada’s taser laws to represent you in this prohibited weapons case. An effective Edmonton criminal lawyer is the difference between an indictable offence and up to five years in jail or a much less serious charge of a summary offence. Book a free consultation with Chadi & Company by calling (780) 429-2300 or contact us online today.

Firearms and weapons charges are seen as some of the most serious criminal offences in Alberta. Because conducted energy devices are banned, Canada’s taser laws permit law enforcement to file charges on possession of a taser, and the circumstances of the case may yield additional charges that include assault, carrying a concealed weapon, and weapons trafficking. These additional charges can easily make a dangerous situation appear far worse than it is, so hiring experienced criminal defence lawyers is vital to your freedom. Book a free consultation with Chadi & Company by calling (780) 429-2300 or contact us online today.

Some risks of bias were identified at the individual study level. These include baseline differences between groups, and potential risk of bias in outcome measurement. This could be caused by officers under- or over-reporting items such as use of force incidents, depending on whether assigned to the treatment or control group.

A single act of using a Taser can garner several criminal charges, so it is extremely important to contact experienced weapons offence lawyers to represent you. Edmonton-based Chadi & Company defends clients from around Alberta and Western Canada in various criminal matters, particularly prohibited weapons charges. Book a free consultation with Chadi & Company by calling (780) 429-2300 or contact us online today.

Canada’s taser laws are clear in that tasers are prohibited weapons, and that use and ownership of a taser could garner criminal charges. In fact, any weapon owned for the sole purpose of self-defence is illegal in Canada, including pepper spray and stun guns. Carrying a pocketknife is legal in Canada, provided you intend to use the knife for practical purposes other than defence. One could also carry a hard case flashlight, tactical pen, air horn, whistle, or other noise-emitting device to prevent harm against oneself. Items like hair spray, body spray or hand sanitizer may also be effective when warding off physical threats.

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Presently, tasers and stun guns fall under the prohibited weapons umbrella of the Canada Criminal Code, and there is a complete ban on owning these items.

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Review two provided a limited account of how the intervention was implemented to ensure BWCs were used in line with requirements. One study described how resistance to using BWCs was overcome by daily reinforcement, and compliance was best maintained when a senior officer was present.

There is some evidence that BWCs have either increased or reduced crime. Overall they have not had a statistically significant effect on crime.

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Review one was sufficiently systematic that most forms of bias that could influence the study conclusions can be ruled out.

Chadi & Company is an award-winning criminal defence firm that has successfully defended countless clients against weapons charges and other serious offences in Edmonton and across Alberta. We thoroughly investigate your case to determine how to proceed in building your case while ensuring that you fully understand your rights and options throughout the criminal defence process. Book a free initial consultation with Chadi & Company by calling (780) 429-2300 or contact us online today. We are here to help.

The studies examined the effects of BWC on assaults and resistance against officers (15 studies) and arrests (13 studies). Review one also explored a number of non-crime outcomes; including officer use of force (26 studies), complaints against officers (22 studies), officer-initiated calls for service (eight studies), dispatched calls for service (six studies), traffic stops and tickets (five studies), stop and search (four studies), incident reports (three studies), response times (three studies), non-traffic citations (two studies) and time spent on scene (one study).

Outcome measures on complaints against police were reported by 22 of the 30 studies. A significant reduction of 16.6% was found in those wearing BWCs compared to the control groups without BWCs.

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Significant results were found for 2 of the 12 outcomes measures. These were complaints against police and minor non-traffic summary offences (for example, littering, drunk and disorderly behaviour).

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When facing a threat against ourselves or our loved ones, it seems only natural to exercise self-defence to stop that threat. A reasonable and effective means of neutralizing a threat may seem to be an item that can stun an attacker without permanent or lethal damage. Still, tasers, stun guns, and any other conducted energy weapons (CEWs) are all illegal under section 84 of the Canada Criminal Code. Using or even possessing a Taser can yield an arrest in Alberta.

Information was not available from the primary studies to test whether these mechanisms were responsible for the outcome patterns observed in either review.

Review two covered 11 studies. Six of the studies included in the review were from the USA and the remaining 5 were from the UK. The review did not include a meta-analysis but does contribute to the mechanism, implementation and economic consideration sections of this summary.

The primary crime outcome reported by Review one related to assaults on police officers, officer injuries and resistance. This outcome measure was reported by 15 studies, and the meta-analysis found a small (15.9%) increase in assaults or resistance against officers wearing BWCs. This finding was not statistically significant.

Review one suggests that the use of BWCs increased self-awareness brought about by the knowledge that police interactions with members of the public are being recorded and watched. This is hypothesised to have a deterrent effect on excessive use of force by police, as officers know that they are being recorded and therefore exercise restraint.

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From a member of the public’s perspective, the fact that they are being recorded causes them to moderate their behaviour during encounters with police, and not exhibit socially unacceptable behaviour.

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Whilst no economic analysis was conducted within Review two, some mention of costs was reported in the primary studies. One study reported a £50,000 saving in court, prosecution and police costs over the course of two trials, resulting in an estimated £125,000 saving per year. However, the author notes that considerable caution should be taken when considering these cost estimates.

Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are recording devices worn by officers. They are capable of collecting audio and video data during police encounters with members of the public. Guidance relating to BWC deployment and use differs across forces and jurisdictions. This summary provides a review of the effectiveness of using these devices to reduce crime. Neither review was primarily focused on crime reduction outcomes, with most outcomes measured relating to police processes and activities.

While no economic analysis was conducted in either review, one study did suggest that the implementation of BWCs is cost-effective, but these economic calculations should be treated with caution.

Canada’s taser laws and prohibited weapons charges can result in a range of punishments. Some weapons charges may be less serious summary offences, and conviction of a summary offence may include fines and imprisonment of fewer than two years. Still, even less serious charges can lead to significant time spent behind bars.

Tasers are devices that can project tiny darts into an attacker from about 4.5 metres away. The darts remain connected to the taser by thin wires, which can pierce up to 5 centimetres of clothing to conduct an electric shock, causing full neuromuscular incapacitation. In other words, tasers can be fired from a distance to stop an attacker by temporarily paralyzing them with 50,000 volts of electricity.

Review two found that police perceptions of BWCs were generally positive. These perceptions included attitudes towards the convenience of BWC, whether BWC was a positive introduction, ease of use and improving the quality of evidence and documentation. Community perceptions of BWCs were also reported to have improved after use of BWC, compared to before.

The evidence is taken from a systematic review covering 30 studies. The review has a well-designed search strategy. This includes published and grey literature, an appropriate calculation of effect size, and consideration of heterogeneity, dependency, inter-rater reliability and publication bias.

In terms of non-crime outcomes, evidence from Review one suggests that use of BWCs can reduce complaints against officers. In terms of mechanisms, it is assumed that the process of being recorded by the BWC causes a change in police officer and public behaviour, which affects the nature of the interaction between the parties. Also, BWC can provide officers with an additional level of information to assist recall when writing statements and giving evidence. It must be noted that these mechanisms were not tested in the two reviews.