There are a variety of ways in which the police and the mental health system can work together to manage first-response situations, in which the police are called to deal with an incident involving a person who appears to be mentally ill:

Some police services in Ontario have received training and participate in mental health crisis intervention teams. These teams consist of police officers and mental health workers acting together to respond to individuals experiencing a mental health crisis. This partnering offers the expertise of both professions.

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2023927 — RTCCs can integrate data from security cameras, gunshot sensors, and many other technologies to help identify threats and guide law enforcement responses in ...

Each police service in Ontario is currently governed by different protocols and policies concerning the number of times a Taser may be deployed. However, the Canadian Police Research Centre noted in their 2005 study that “…police officers need to be aware of the adverse effects of multiple, consecutive cycles of CEDs [Tasers] on a subject…”12

Back in the day, drones were much similar to computers; they were big, expensive and out of the reach of the masses. However, similar to computers the drone technology has come a long way from its humble beginning. Today, drones come in all sizes and shapes and are used for virtually all purposes, from military to business and art to science and agriculture. In fact, today, drones represent one of the fastest-growing industries across the globe, which is expected to double in the next decade.

A number of barriers have been identified that pose challenges to police dealing with people who have a mental illness.21 These include not having advance information from dispatch that the person may have a mental illness, or what they might expect upon arrival at the scene. More fundamentally, lack of adequate education about mental illness is a reality that impacts police officers’ ability to carry out their work with this vulnerable population. Police require customized training regarding how to identify situations involving mental illness, as well as how to communicate and intervene so as to minimize the use of force and maximize the likelihood that individuals with a mental illness are able to access the services they require. Evidence suggests that identifying a specific group of police officers to receive training and respond to mental health crisis is most beneficial, as these individuals will then have the mandate to utilize and update their skills on a regular basis.22

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The symptoms associated with excited delirium, while not a true mental health condition included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), appear to be similar to some of the behavioural symptoms exhibited by individuals experiencing a mental health crisis.

Conducted energy weapons (CEWs), commonly referred to as Tasers, were introduced to Canadian law enforcement agencies starting in 2001. Tasers are hand-held weapons that send a jolt of electricity intended to stun and temporarily incapacitate an individual’s motor nervous system. The charge is delivered through a pair of wires, weighted with barbed hooks, that can be fired from up to 10.6 metres away and will penetrate clothing up to five centimetres thick.1

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Some people with a mental illness who are in crisis will come in contact with police officers. Section 17 of Ontario’s Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, gives police officers the authority to bring someone to a medical facility for assessment if the officer has “reasonable and probable grounds” to believe a person has acted in a “disorderly manner” if the person is believed to have a mental disorder, has threatened or attempted to harm themselves, has behaved violently or caused someone to fear bodily harm, or has shown an inability to care for themselves.20

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The Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police has prepared guidelines for police programs and services for people with mental illness and the mental health system, that include, but are not limited to, developing effective and compassionate crisis response.24

A May 2008 review published by the Canadian Medical Association Journal contradicts previous assertions that “stun guns” manufactured by Taser International and others are unlikely to impact with deadly force. The authors reference three independent investigations that have found that stun guns may, in some circumstances, stimulate the heart and potentially result in adverse consequences.16 They recommend that additional research with human subjects is required.

All police officers in Ontario must have basic training in use of force. The Ontario Use of Force Model (2004) directs that officers shall continuously assess each encounter and select the most reasonable option for action, relative to the circumstance.8 The use of force continuum provides guidelines to incremental increases in use of force. The five stages of the continuum are: officer presence, verbal communication, physical control, intermediate weapons (using non-lethal chemical, electronic or impact weapons on an individual) and lethal force (using any force likely to cause permanent injury or death).

The X26 Taser is an electroshock weapon developed by Taser International, which has since become one of the most common stun weapons seen in the hands of ...

In January 2007, the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service announced that it would arm police patrolling Vancouver’s TransLink public transit system with Tasers.10 After reviewing ten cases of Taser deployment on the transit system, accessed under freedom of information legislation, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association identified four cases where there appeared to be no significant threat to individual or public safety. One case involved the use of a Taser when the suspect attempted to flee for fare evasion.11 This practice is concerning and may set a precedent in other provinces.

According to a recent backgrounder by the CBC, Tasers are being used by 73 law enforcement agencies across Canada. Most mid-size police forces use these stun guns between 50 to 60 times a year on average, reports the CBC, based on figures compiled by the Canadian Police Research Centre.1The RCMP has 2,840 Tasers and has trained 9,132 officers to use them. They have been deployed more than 3,000 times since December 2001, in either drive stun mode (when electrodes on the Taser transmit electrical energy on contact with a subject’s body) or in full deployment (when darts are fired at a subject).2 Following a pilot study by the Toronto Police Service, Ontario’s Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services approved the Taser for use by Ontario police services in January 2005. In 2007, Tasers were used 264 times in Toronto, in either drive stun mode or full deployment,3 up from 97 times in 2006.4 The Taser was used an additional 140 times in 2007 as a “demonstrated force presence,” a deterrent measure where a spark is generated or the laser sighting system activated without any contact to the subject.

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Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario is concerned about the use and safety of Tasers, as well as the propensity of law enforcement officials to deploy Tasers on people experiencing a mental health crisis or demonstrating signs of emotional distress.

While drones have primarily been the subject of interest as military machines for the most part of modern history, today, technology has taken over many fields beyond tactical use. The first consumer drone hit the US market back in 2006, which marks another significant milestone in the evolution of drones. Today, technology has already proliferated across all fields from fun photography to consumer delivery and from scientific research to agriculture, construction and many more. More recently, the tech giants like Amazon and UberEats are aggressively pushing the AI drones technology to use it as a preferred delivery method to bring in more efficiency and productivity.

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Fast forward to a century, and today drones are virtually everywhere to be seen. Today, these flying machines are excessively used across multiple sectors, including military, agriculture, photography, image segmentation and intelligence, construction, livestock mapping, terrain mapping, and many more. Also, we are witnessing the rise of AI drones, which is pushing drone technology into a new era. Here are some impressive stats reflecting the dominance of drones in today’s world;

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Conducted Energy Weapons (commonly known as Tasers) are one of several use-of-force weapons that police may use to subdue or restrain an individual. CMHA Ontario is concerned about the use and safety of Tasers, as well as the propensity of law enforcement officials to deploy them on people experiencing a mental health crisis. This paper identifies our position on use of Tasers and recommends first response alternatives police can use to engage with people experiencing a mental health crisis. (June, 2008)

The Taser is one of several use-of-force weapons that police officers may use to subdue or restrain an individual, to reduce the risk of injury or death to both the individual and the responding officer. The Taser is often represented as an alternative to the use of lethal force by police.

Fast forward many decades, the comeback of the unmanned aircraft took off after the Wright Brothers were able to successfully conduct their Kitty Hawk flight. Ruston Proctor Aerial Target is known today as the first winged UAV. The aircraft was based on the designs of Nicola Tesla. The Ruston Proctor Aerial Target aircraft was controlled by radio signals, which interestingly is much like how we operate drones today.

Research on the safety of Tasers has primarily been conducted on animals, rather than humans. When research has been conducted on humans, they have been deemed medically healthy. While Tasers may be used without injury on some individuals, there are vulnerable populations on whom Tasers should be used with caution. A 2004 review of Taser technology by British Columbia’s police complaint commissioner indicated that risk factors for death by Taser include drug-induced toxic states (cocaine, alcohol, etc.) and “acute psychiatric decompensation.”14

Amnesty International indicates that international standards and codes of conduct for law enforcement officials prescribe that the deployment of non-lethal weapons require standard evaluation and control of use protocols.13

It is estimated that there have been 270 deaths worldwide, including 17 Canadian deaths, proximal to Taser use since 1999.5 It is not possible to accurately count deaths, as there is no independent central registry in existence to monitor incidents and adverse events, and there remains controversy, as there is no conclusive proof that Tasers directly cause death. Many police services, coroners and researchers are suggesting Taser-associated deaths may be related to a condition referred to as “excited delirium,” but no conclusive evidence has yet been established. The Canadian Police Research Centre describes excited delirium as a potentially fatal state of extreme mental and physiological excitement that is characterized by extreme agitation, hyperthermia, hostility, exceptional strength, and endurance without apparent fatigue.6 This condition was first described as early as 1982, when investigators were examining unexplained deaths due to physical restraint by police.7 It has been hypothesized that excited delirium generates an extreme state of physiological arousal that places individuals at greater risk of death.

It was not until 1982 when that drone warfare really took off and hit the mainstream. The earnest use of drone warfare was pioneered by Israel, who used the drone technology along with its fighter jets to decimate the Syrian aircraft fleet with minimal losses. In the war, Israel excessively used drone technology to recon the Syrian positions, jam Syrian radars, and used drones as decoys to minimize its aircraft losses. While the technology was already present in some form, still it goes to the credit of the Israeli military and engineers to figure out the best use of the technology in modern warfare and conduct successful operations.

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Here in this blog, we will be unveiling the history and evolution of drone technology and see the past, present and future of the technology. So, let’s begin…

The rise of modern drone technology can be traced back to World War II and the Cold War. These two events paved the way for the rapid development and adaptation of drones. However, the drone was an expensive and inconsistent military technology back in time, only used occasionally to spy on enemies. The US and Soviet Russia extensively used drones in surveillance operations throughout the Cold Ward (although many documents of that era remain classified).

This finding is especially significant given increased cardiovascular vulnerability among people with serious mental illness. People with a mental illness appear to be at greater risk of developing irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia)17 and coronary heart disease.18 In addition, people taking antipsychotic medication have been found to have a 2.4 times greater risk of sudden cardiac arrest and death.19

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To put into perspective the effect of Israel’s use of drone technology in the war with Syria, the US made tens of millions of dollars contract for drone technology just after the end of the war – starting the new race in modern warfare.

TASER 10 has a maximum range of 45 feet and 10 probes, featuring individually targeted probes and any-probe connect. These new capabilities significantly ...

Ontario’s Use of Force Model does not make allowance or offer guidance to police officers when encountering individuals who may be experiencing a mental health crisis and by virtue of their condition may not appear cooperative, due to hallucinations, delusions or other symptoms. However, other options are available, and mental health crisis intervention is the preferred approach for police to de-escalate such encounters.

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Sep 26, 2023 — Startup Skydio says its powerful new drone for public safety can reduce the need for high-speed chases. Civil liberties groups warn that few ...

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When were Tasersfirstused by police

…that there is a distinct lack of research nationally and internationally that thoroughly examines the connection between CEW use, excited delirium and the likelihood of death. Medical research is still in the early stages of reviewing this condition. What little is known of this condition suggest the need for a more conservative course of action with respect to the deployment of CEWs against vulnerable populations (people experiencing mental health crises, those suffering from drug toxicity and those exhibiting symptoms of excited delirium). The research suggests that these populations have a higher likelihood of death, not necessarily as a result of the use of force or restraint employed, but because of the mental or medical condition of the person at the time of police intervention.15

Complaints have been issued against the RCMP and other police services claiming deployment of Tasers to subdue or gain compliance. The Commissioner for Public Complaints Against the RCMP has identified that Tasers are being used to subdue resistant subjects who do not pose a threat, and has referred to this expanded and less restrictive use as “usage creep.”9

In reviewing the available literature, the Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP examining RCMP use of Tasers determined:

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Like Austrian flying explosive balloons, the Ruston Proctor Aerial Target aircraft was developed as a military machine by England against German Zeppelins. The designers of the aircraft also claimed that it was equally effective for ground targets. Nonetheless, just like the explosive flying balloons of Austria, the Ruston Proctor Aerial Target met overwhelming failures, which led to British authorities canning the project – even going as far as to claim that there is no future for UAVs.

It goes without saying that the future of drone technology holds many surprises for the masses, and the rapid integration of in AI and computer vision technology in drones will open up endless possibilities for drone tech.

Well, the history of drones goes back to the early 1800s (impressive, right?). The earliest record of the unmanned aerial vehicle is traced to 1839 in Austria. As you can guess, it was a military innovation when the Austrian’s used unmanned balloons to decimate the city of Venice. The balloons were filled with explosives and were intended to drop on strategic sites in the city-state of Venice. As we can expect, the immature technology backfired, and many of these explosive-filled balloons blew back to blow Austrian camps, while some did manage to hit the intended targets inside Venice. This was undoubtedly an ingenious technology implemented by Austrians; however, given the significant failure rate, the technology was shelved for decades at the war’s end.

There are no comprehensive national or provincial records regarding how many police officers are carrying Tasers. Most police services are not publicly reporting incidents involving Taser use and outcomes.