body fluids中文

Ingestion: Irritation, corrosion of mouth and GI tract, possible ulceration or perforation, abdominal pain, tachycardia, prostration, circulatory collapseInhalation: Severe respiratory and ocular irritation, glottal spasm, cough, choking, vomiting, pulmonary edema, cyanosis

Chlorinated and other halogenated hydrocarbons (in many insecticides)AldrinBenzene hexachlorideChlordaneChlorothalonilDDD (2-dichlorethane)DDT (chlorophenothane)DicofolDieldrinDienochlorDilanEndosulfanEndrinHeptachlorMethoxychlorPerchlordeconeProlanToxapheneOther chlorinated organic insecticides and industrial compounds

Ingestion: Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, dysuria, intravascular hemolysis, seizures, hemolytic anemia in people with G6PD deficiencySkin contact: Dermatitis, corneal ulcerationInhalation: Headache, confusion, vomiting, dyspnea

Throat constriction, dysphagia, burning GI pain, vomiting, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage, dehydration, pulmonary edema, renal failure, lactic acidosis, liver failure, shock

Pyrethrin, and pyrethroidsBifenthrinCyfluthrinCypermethrinEsfenvalerateFluvalinateLambda-cyhalothrinPyrethrinResmethrinSumithrinTefluthrinTetramethrin

Tachycardia, tachypnea and hypoxia after inhalation, skin and mucous membrane irritation, glomerulonephritis, hypothyroidism (rare)

This article was published as part of NIJ Journal issue number 279, published April 2018, as a sidebar to the article Sexual Assault Cases: Exploring the Importance of Non-DNA Forensic Evidence by Heather Waltke, Gerald LaPorte, Danielle Weiss, Dawn Schwarting, Minh Nguyen, and Frances Scott.

Because major problems result from aspiration and not GI absorption, gastric evacuation usually not warrantedSupportive care for pulmonary edema, oxygen, respiratory support

OrganophosphatesAcephateBidrinChlorethoxyfosChlorothionChlorpyrifosCoumaphosDemetonDiazinonDichlorvosDimethoateDisulfotonEthionFamphurFenthionHexaethyltetraphosphateIsofenphosLeptophosMerphosMethidathionMethyl parathionMipafoxNaledNerve gas agentsOctamethyl pyrophosphoramideOxydemeton-methylParathionPhoratePhosdrinPhosmetPirimiphos-methylTemefosTerbufosTetrachlorvinphosTrichlorfonTriorthocresyl phosphate

Abdominal pain (colic), vomiting (may be bloody), diarrhea (may be bloody), stomatitis, excessive salivation, tremors, leg pains, paresthesias, polyneuritis, ocular and facial palsy, delirium, seizures, respiratory failure, loss of hair about 3 weeks after poisoning

Human body

Slightly to highly toxic effects; similar to those of organophosphates except cholinesterase inhibition is not permanentSee Organophosphates

Ingestion: Observation for kidney and liver damage; respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory supportInhalation: Respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory support

For diagnostic or therapeutic trial or for treatment of severe symptoms refractory to sedation, which is rarely needed (CAUTION:

lacrimation and burning eyes, cough, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, caustic skin burns, erythema, pain, profuse salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, vertigo, sudden collapse, unconsciousness

If usual 6% household preparations have been ingested, dilution with milk (little else required)If concentrated forms have been ingested, esophagoscopy, treatment of shock

Nonspecific and highly variable symptoms, which are often delayed 6–24 hoursSympathomimetic toxidromes, headache, nausea, dystonia, hallucinations, nystagmus, fasciculations, diarrhea, seizures, agitation, muscle rigidityHypotension and bradycardia (which may be ominous)

Abdominal pain (colic), vomiting (may be bloody), diarrhea (may be bloody), stomatitis, excessive salivation, tremors, leg pains, paresthesias, polyneuritis, ocular and facial palsy, delirium, seizures, respiratory failure, loss of hair about 3 weeks after poisoning

Slightly to highly toxic effects; similar to those of organophosphates except cholinesterase inhibition is not permanent

Sidebar to the article Sexual Assault Cases: Exploring the Importance of Non-DNA Forensic Evidence by Heather Waltke, Gerald LaPorte, Danielle Weiss, Dawn Schwarting, Minh Nguyen, and Frances Scott.

Respiratory and cardiovascular supportive measures, monitoring of liver functionSymptomatic hyperammonemia: L-Carnitine 100 mg/kg (6 g maximum) IV over 30 minutes with maintenance dose of 15 mg/kg every 4 hours Asymptomatic hyperammonemia: L-Carnitine 100 mg/kg orally every 6 hours (3 g/day maximum)

Mercury, compounds ofAmmoniated mercuryBichloride of mercuryCalomelCorrosive sublimateDiuretics, mercurialMercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate)Merthiolate

Excitement, confusion, muscular twitching, weakness, abdominal cramps, generalized myoclonus, CNS depression, rapid respirations, palpitations, cardiovascular collapse, coma, respiratory failure

Cyanosis due to formation of methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin, dyspnea, weakness, vertigo, angina, rashes and urticaria, vomiting, delirium, depression, respiratory and circulatory failure

Methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, anoxia, GI disturbance, vomiting, headache, dizziness, hypotension, respiratory failure, coma

Inhalation: Intense eye and nasal irritation, headache, dyspnea, sense of suffocation, glottal edema, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, pneumonia, mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema due to bleb rupture

Absorption via skin, inhalation, or ingestion: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, excessive salivation, increased pulmonary secretion, headache, rhinorrhea, blurred vision, miosis, slurred speech, mental confusion, difficulty breathing, frothing at the mouth, coma

BP = blood pressure; BSA = body surface area; CNS = central nervous system; ECG = electrocardiogram; GI = gastrointestinal; INR = international normalized ratio; NGT = nasogastric tube; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PT = prothrombin time; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

lacrimation and burning eyes, cough, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, caustic skin burns, erythema, pain, profuse salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, vertigo, sudden collapse, unconsciousness

Corrosive effects, mucous membrane burns, pallor, weakness, shock, seizures in children, pulmonary edema, smoky urine, esophageal stricture (rare)Respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory failure

Thirst, diarrhea, vomiting, light-headedness, burning feet, increased heart rate and BP, cardiovascular collapse, seizures, hypotension, coma, abortion, gangrene of feet, cataracts

A wide range of effects (eg, sedation, seizures, excitement, coma, dystonia, hypotension, tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias or torsades de pointes, anticholinergic effects, hyperthermia, agranulocytosis, or hypothermia)

Technology companies continue to develop new kits and tools to make body fluid identification more discriminatory, faster, and less labor intensive. More recent commercial advances boast the ability for multiplex testing to identify multiple body fluids simultaneously in a relatively short amount of time.

Guidelines for Chelation Therapy), electrolyte and fluid balance, respiratory support, monitoring of GI tract, treatment of shock, control of seizures, monitoring for liver and renal failure

Ingestion: Inebriation but no alcohol odor on breath, nausea, vomitingLater, carpopedal spasm, lumbar pain, oxalate crystalluria, oliguria progressing to anuria and acute renal failure, respiratory distress, seizures, comaEye contact: Iridocyclitis

Allergic response (including anaphylactic reactions and skin sensitivity) in sensitive people; otherwise, low toxicity unless vehicle is a petroleum distillate

Ingestion: Severe gastric cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, dry throat, cough, dyspnea, headache, shock, coma, brown urine, renal failure

Excitement, confusion, muscular twitching, weakness, abdominal cramps, generalized myoclonus, CNS depression, rapid respirations, palpitations, cardiovascular collapse, coma, respiratory failure

Acute: Severe gastroenteritis, burning mouth pain, salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, colitis, nephrosis, anuria, uremia

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Irritability, CNS excitation, muscle spasms, atonia, tonic-clonic seizures, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, obtundation, coma

Thirst, diarrhea, vomiting, light-headedness, burning feet, increased heart rate and BP, cardiovascular collapse, seizures, hypotension, coma, abortion, gangrene of feet, cataracts

Single ingestion—typically not seriousWith multiple ingestions, coagulopathy with increased PT/INRHigher risk of coagulopathy with single dose of superwarfarins

Fatigue, thirst, flushing, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, loss of consciousness, dyspnea, respiratory arrest, skin absorption

Anticholinergic symptoms (eg, tachycardia, hyperthermia, mydriasis, warm and dry skin, urinary retention, ileus, delirium)

Throat constriction, dysphagia, burning GI pain, vomiting, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage, dehydration, pulmonary edema, renal failure, lactic acidosis, liver failure, shock

Decontamination with water, avoidance of vomiting and aspiration, oxygen, respiratory support, ECG monitoring (ventricular fibrillation can occur early)

See specific agentChlorinated and other halogenated hydrocarbons, Organophosphates, Paradichlorobenzene, and Pyrethroids

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, weakness, lethargy, CNS depression, seizures, “boiled lobster” rash, shock

Possibly sedation, seizures, QRS prolongation, sympathomimetic symptoms (eg, tremor, mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis), hypotension

[note 3] Jennifer Fore et al., “Recent Progress in the Development of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Platform for Rapid Identification of Trace Amounts of Human Body Fluids,” proceedings of the 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, B184, 2016; and Kathryn Anne Zegarelli et al., “Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for the Forensic Analysis of Vaginal Fluid,” proceedings of the 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, E39, 2016.

Observation for myocardial or pulmonary disorder (usually before emergency department arrival)For hyperthermia, external cooling

Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, colic, hypertension, cardiac arrest, dyspnea and cyanosis, ventricular fibrillation, severe hypokalemia, skeletal muscle weakness

Vomiting (early or delayed), paresthesias, malaise, coarse tremors, seizures, pulmonary edema, ventricular fibrillation, respiratory failure

Andexanet alfa competitively binds to the Xa inhibitor:Low-dose andexanet alpha: Initial IV bolus of 400 mg at 30 mg/min followed by 4 mg/min for up to 120 minutesHigh-dose andexanet alpha: Initial IV bolus of 800 mg at a rate of 30 mg/min followed by 8 mg/min for up to 120 minutes

Dizziness, weakness, headache, euphoria, nausea, vomiting, ventricular arrhythmia, paralysis, seizuresWith chronic poisoning, aplastic anemia, hypokalemia, leukemia, CNS depressionIrritability, CNS excitation, muscle spasms, atonia, tonic-clonic seizures, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, obtundation, coma

100% Oxygen by mask, respiratory support if needed, immediate measurement of carboxyhemoglobin level; if carboxyhemoglobin is more than about 25%, consideration of hyperbaric oxygen in consultation with poison control center (see Carbon Monoxide Poisoning)

Acute ingestion: Thirst, burning abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea; CNS symptoms (eg, irritability, inattentiveness, decreased level of consciousness, seizures)

Restlessness; hyperacuity of hearing, vision, and tactile sensationViolent myoclonus that simulates generalized seizures but with intact mental status, caused by minor stimuli; complete muscle relaxation between apparent seizures; perspiration; respiratory arrest

Extrapyramidal symptoms (eg, ataxia, muscular and carpopedal spasms, torticollis), usually idiosyncraticWith overdose, dry mouth, drowsiness, seizures, coma, respiratory depression

For diagnostic or therapeutic trial or for treatment of severe symptoms refractory to sedation, which is rarely needed (CAUTION:

Air contaminants that form atmospheric oxidants and that have been liberated from missile fuels, explosives, or agricultural wastes

Vapor inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion: CNS symptoms (eg, insomnia, restlessness, ataxia, delusions, mania, seizures)

Ingestion: Blood transfusion for severe hemolysis, urine alkalinization for hemoglobinuria, benzodiazepines to control seizuresSkin contact: Clothing removed if formerly stored with naphthalene moth balls, flushing of skin and eyes

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Guidelines for Chelation Therapy), electrolyte and fluid balance, respiratory support, monitoring of GI tract, treatment of shock, control of seizures, monitoring for liver and renal failure

Commonly, sedation, vomiting, tremor, tachycardiaPossibly, seizures, hallucinations, hypotension, serotonin syndromeRarely, death

Corrosive effects, mucous membrane burns, pallor, weakness, shock, seizures in children, pulmonary edema, smoky urine, esophageal stricture (rare)

Absorption via skin, inhalation, or ingestion: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, excessive salivation, increased pulmonary secretion, headache, rhinorrhea, blurred vision, miosis, slurred speech, mental confusion, difficulty breathing, frothing at the mouth, coma

Anticholinergic symptoms (eg, tachycardia, hyperthermia, mydriasis, warm and dry skin, urinary retention, ileus, delirium)

Methods used to examine sexual assault evidence — such as the use of an alternate light source (e.g., ultraviolet light) to visually detect semen stains, histological microscopic examination to observe spermatozoa, chemical methods based on the detection of seminal fluid acid phosphatase, and immunological methods based on the detection of p30 (or prostate-specific antigen) — have been described in scientific literature for more than three decades. Other common body fluids for which presumptive identification methods are routinely employed include blood and saliva. Such methods are typically based on the detection of hemoglobin (blood) through a phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer) test and the detection of saliva through an α-amylase test. Regardless of whether serological tests are performed as a screening step prior to DNA testing or to provide additional substantive case information after DNA testing, they are instrumental tools for forensic investigators.

Vapor inhalation: Euphoria, burning in chest, headache, nausea, weakness, CNS depression, confusion, dyspnea, tachypnea, rales, possibly myocardial sensitization to catecholamines (which can result in cardiac arrhythmias)

Symptomatic hyperammonemia: L-Carnitine 100 mg/kg (6 g maximum) IV over 30 minutes with maintenance dose of 15 mg/kg every 4 hours

Inhalation: Bronchial irritation, pneumonia (pulmonary congestion and edema, decreased respiration, dyspnea), drunkenness, stupor, ketosis, cardiac arrhythmias

Petroleum distillates (see Hydrocarbon Poisoning)AsphaltBenzine (benzin)Fuel oilGasolineKeroseneLubricating oilsMineral spiritsModel airplane glueNaphthaPetroleum etherTar

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Variable toxicity depending on length of exposure, concentration inhaled, and respiratory and circulatory ratesVarious symptoms depending on % carboxyhemoglobin in bloodHeadache, vertigo, vomiting, dyspnea, confusion, dilated pupils, seizures, coma

Stage 1:Stage 2: Symptom-free 8 hours to several daysStage 3: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, liver enlargement, jaundice, hemorrhages, kidney damage, seizures, comaToxicity enhanced by alcohol, fats, or digestible oils

Ingestion: Irritation, corrosion of mouth and GI tract, possible ulceration or perforation, abdominal pain, tachycardia, prostration, circulatory collapse

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Hypertension, tachycardia, MI, nausea, vomiting, agitation, hallucinations, psychoses, seizures, convulsions, strokeSee also Cannabinoids, synthetic

Ingestion:Skin contact: Clothing removed and area washed with copious soap and water; then as for inhalationInhalation: Oxygen, respiratory support, blood transfusion

Ingestion: Blood transfusion for severe hemolysis, urine alkalinization for hemoglobinuria, benzodiazepines to control seizures

See specific components (eg, Barium compounds, Fluorides, Phosphorus [yellow or white], Thallium salts, Anticoagulants, warfarins)

Flushing of eyes for 15 minutes with tap water or salineIf severe toxicity, positive pressure oxygen to manage pulmonary edema, respiratory support

For single ingestion, observationVitamin K Toxicity) until INR is normal, transfusion with fresh frozen plasma if necessary

Irritability, CNS excitation, muscle spasms, atonia, tonic-clonic seizures, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, obtundation, coma

Respiratory support, treatment of seizures, maintenance of fluid balance, avoidance of all oils derived from cantharides

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Ingestion: Observation for kidney and liver damage; respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory supportInhalation: Respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory support

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, confusion, visual disturbances, CNS depression, ventricular fibrillation, kidney injury, liver injury, cirrhosis

Irritated skin and mucous membranes, skin vesicles, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, burning pain in back and urethra, respiratory depression, seizures, coma, abortion, menorrhagia

Vomiting, upper abdominal pain, pallor, cyanosis, diarrhea, drowsiness, shock; possible toxicity if > 20 mg/kg of elemental iron is ingested

Inhalation: Severe respiratory and ocular irritation, glottal spasm, cough, choking, vomiting, pulmonary edema, cyanosis

Scientific methods used to identify body fluids, as currently performed or as they may be in the future, are important factors that can influence the crime scene investigation, inform the forensic laboratory processing, and affect court outcomes. Regardless of the perceived adequacy of existing methods, it is critical to continue to advance the field, building on new scientific findings and technologies that continue to evolve rapidly. As the field moves forward, it is critical to also continue to generate publicly available scientific knowledge that rigorously tests new methods, validates that the methods can do what they purport, and ultimately supports the foundation for the new tools and technologies that are adopted into practice.

Anticholinergic symptoms (eg, tachycardia, hyperthermia, mydriasis, warm and dry skin, urinary retention, ileus, delirium)

CyanidesBitter almond oil (artificial and natural)Hydrocyanic acidPotassium cyanidePrussic acidSodium cyanideWild cherry syrup

Allergic response (including anaphylactic reactions and skin sensitivity) in sensitive people; otherwise, low toxicity unless vehicle is a petroleum distillate

Lethargy, nystagmus, pinpoint pupils, tachycardia, coma, respiratory depression (NOTE: Toxicity may be delayed up to 12 hours.)

[note 4] Heyi Yang et al., “Proteomic Analysis of Menstrual Blood,” Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 11 no. 10 (October 2012): 1024-1035; Heyi Yang et al., “Body Fluid Identification by Mass Spectrometry,” International Journal of Legal Medicine 127 no. 6 (November 2013): 1065-1077; and Kevin M. Legg et al., “Discovery of Highly Specific Protein Markers for the Identification of Biological Stains,” Electrophoresis 35 no. 21-22 (November 2014): 3069-3078.

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Acute: Severe gastroenteritis, burning mouth pain, salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, colitis, nephrosis, anuria, uremiaWith alkyl and phenyl mercurials, skin burnsChronic: Gingivitis, mental disturbance, neurologic deficits

Throat constriction, dysphagia, burning GI pain, vomiting, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage, dehydration, pulmonary edema, renal failure, lactic acidosis, liver failure, shock

Tachycardia, headache, drowsiness, hypotension, coma, rapid severe acidosis, seizures, death, possibly bitter almond odor on breath, bright red venous blood

Later, carpopedal spasm, lumbar pain, oxalate crystalluria, oliguria progressing to anuria and acute renal failure, respiratory distress, seizures, coma

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Nausea, vomiting, rash (may be acneiform), slurred speech, ataxia, confusion, psychotic behavior, coma, paralysis, negative anion gap

[note 2] Claire K. Muro, Kyle C. Doty, Luciana de Souza Fernandes, and Igor K. Lednev, “Forensic Body Fluid Identification and Differentiation by Raman Spectroscopy,” Forensic Chemistry 1 (August 2016): 31-38; Kyle C. Doty, Claire K. Muro, Justin Bueno, Lenka Halamkova, and Igor K. Lednev, “What can Raman spectroscopy do for criminalistics?” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 47 no. 1 (January 2016): 39-50; and Gregory McLaughlin, Igor K. Lednev, “In Situ Identification of Semen Stains on Common Substrates via Raman Spectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences 60 no. 3 (May 2015): 595-604.

Nitrogen oxides (see also Chlorine, Fluorides, Hydrogen sulfide, Sulfur dioxide; and Environmental Pulmonary Disease)Air contaminants that form atmospheric oxidants and that have been liberated from missile fuels, explosives, or agricultural wastesCobaltous chlorideHydrogen chlorideHydrogen fluoride

Anticholinergic effects (eg, blurred vision, urinary hesitation), CNS effects (eg, drowsiness, stupor, coma, ataxia, restlessness, agitation, hyperactive reflexes, muscle rigidity, seizures), cardiovascular effects (eg, tachycardia, other arrhythmias, bundle branch block, QRS widening, impaired conduction, heart failure), respiratory depression, hypotension, shock, vomiting, hyperpyrexia, mydriasis, diaphoresis

Decontamination with water, avoidance of vomiting and aspiration, oxygen, respiratory support, ECG monitoring (ventricular fibrillation can occur early)For severe anemia, blood transfusionsReplacement of potassium as necessary

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Increased activity, exhilaration, talkativeness, insomnia, irritability, exaggerated reflexes, anorexia, diaphoresis, tachyarrhythmia, anginal chest pain, psychotic-like states, inability to concentrate or sit still, paranoia

Bitter almond odor (suggests cyanides), drowsiness, headache, vomiting, ataxia, nystagmus, brown urine, convulsive movements, delirium, cyanosis, coma, respiratory arrest

Nausea, vomiting, confusion, bradycardia, hypotension, total cardiovascular collapseToxicity sometimes occurring after hyperglycemia

Protection of patient and attendant from vomitus and fecesFor phosphorus embedded in skin:Submersion of the patient’s body in waterIrrigation with dilute K permanganate or cupric sulfate (250 mg in 250 mL of water), recommended by some expertsPrevention of shockMeticulous surgical debridement

Headache, weakness, leg cramps, vertigo, seizures, retinal injury, dimmed vision, metabolic acidosis, decreased respiration

If a term is not readily visible in the alphabetical listing of poisons, try searching the current web page according to the conventions of your device and browser.

Ingestion: Burning throat and stomach, vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia only if aspiration has occurredVapor inhalation: Euphoria, burning in chest, headache, nausea, weakness, CNS depression, confusion, dyspnea, tachypnea, rales, possibly myocardial sensitization to catecholamines (which can result in cardiac arrhythmias)Aspiration: Early acute pulmonary changes

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Irritability, CNS excitation, muscle spasms, atonia, tonic-clonic seizures, respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, obtundation, coma

Human body wikipedia

Ingestion of small or moderate doses: Salty or soapy tasteIngestion of large doses: Tremors, seizures, CNS depression, shock, renal failureSkin and mucosal contact: Painful superficial or deep burnsInhalation: Intense eye and nasal irritation, headache, dyspnea, sense of suffocation, glottal edema, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, pneumonia, mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema due to bleb rupture

Guidelines for Chelation Therapy)Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, hemodialysis for renal failure, observation for GI perforationSkin contact: Soap and water for scrubbing

Acute: Abdominal pain, oliguria, acute renal failureChronic: Poor absorption, ulcerative stomatitis, anorexia, progressive encephalopathy

Burning pain in mouth and esophagus, brown-stained mucous membranes, laryngeal edema, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, shock, nephritis, circulatory collapse

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, weakness, lethargy, CNS depression, seizures, “boiled lobster” rash, shock

See specific agentChlorinated and other halogenated hydrocarbons, Organophosphates, Paradichlorobenzene, and Pyrethroids

Ingestion: Oral and gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, shock, hematuria, anuria, coma, respiratory failureSkin contact: Irritation, coagulation necrosis (with high concentrations), dermatitis, hypersensitivityInhalation: Eye, nose, and respiratory tract irritation; laryngeal spasm and edema; dysphagia; bronchitis; pneumonia

Corrosive effects due to oxidation, ulcerated and perforated nasal septum, severe gastroenteritis, shock, vertigo, coma, nephritis

See specific gas, eg, Ammonia gas, Carbon monoxide , Chlorine (tear gas), Hydrogen sulfide (sewer gas, volatile hydrides), and Organophosphates (nerve gas)

Anticholinergic symptoms (eg, tachycardia, hyperthermia, mydriasis, warm and dry skin, urinary retention, ileus, delirium)

Burning pain in mouth and esophagus, brown-stained mucous membranes, laryngeal edema, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, shock, nephritis, circulatory collapse

Removal from skin, prevention or treatment of electrolyte abnormalities and shock, control of seizuresFor severe poisoning (rare), dialysis

Airway protection; consideration of alkalinization for QRS widening; admission of patients who have symptoms > 6 hours after ingestion

Acute ingestion: Thirst, burning abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea; CNS symptoms (eg, irritability, inattentiveness, decreased level of consciousness, seizures)Acute inhalation: Insomnia, headache, ataxia, mania, seizuresChronic exposure: Anemia, peripheral neuropathy, confusion, lead encephalopathy, acceleration of atherosclerosis

Ingestion:Skin contact: Washing with copious soap and waterInhalation: Flushing of eyes with saline, oxygen, respiratory support

Bitter almond odor (suggests cyanides), drowsiness, headache, vomiting, ataxia, nystagmus, brown urine, convulsive movements, delirium, cyanosis, coma, respiratory arrest

Supportive care, IV glucose, correction of dehydration and electrolyte abnormalitiesFor gastritis, IV H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors

Stained lips (white, brown, then black), argyria (slate gray or blue skin discoloration), gastroenteritis, shock, vertigo, seizures

Throat constriction, dysphagia, burning GI pain, vomiting, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage, dehydration, pulmonary edema, renal failure, lactic acidosis, liver failure, shock

Possibly sedation, seizures, QRS prolongation, sympathomimetic symptoms (eg, tremor, mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis), hypotensionRarely death

Vapor inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion: CNS symptoms (eg, insomnia, restlessness, ataxia, delusions, mania, seizures)

Tachycardia, headache, drowsiness, hypotension, coma, rapid severe acidosis, seizures, death, possibly bitter almond odor on breath, bright red venous bloodVery rapidly lethal (in 1–15 minutes)

Wakefulness, restlessness, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, seizures, tachycardiaIn adults, greater toxicity after acute overdose added to chronic intake

intracellular fluid中文

Stimulation then depression, nausea, vomiting, loss of self-control, anxiety, hallucinations, sweating, hyperthermia, seizures, MI (rare)

Milk, starch, or flour po; early airway support; fluid and electrolytes; treatment of shock; early, aggressive airway management

Respiratory support, treatment of seizures, maintenance of fluid balance, avoidance of all oils derived from cantharidesNo specific antidote

[note 1] Ewelina Mistek and Igor K. Lednev, “Identification of Species’ Blood by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407 no. 24 (September 2015): 7435-7442.

Corrosive effects due to oxidation, ulcerated and perforated nasal septum, severe gastroenteritis, shock, vertigo, coma, nephritis

Tachycardia, tachypnea and hypoxia after inhalation, skin and mucous membrane irritation, glomerulonephritis, hypothyroidism (rare)

* Inclusion of one poison with another (eg, toluene with benzene) in a single row indicates that the terms are synonymous, that the poisons are chemically related, or that one poison is an ingredient or impurity of the other. Lists of substances containing the poison are examples and are not all-inclusive. Most drugs are included as members of a class (eg, beta blockers) and only the most common and important drugs will have a separate row entry.

Ingestion: As for inhalation, except for direct pulmonary effectInhalation: Bronchial irritation, pneumonia (pulmonary congestion and edema, decreased respiration, dyspnea), drunkenness, stupor, ketosis, cardiac arrhythmias

Anticholinergic effects (eg, blurred vision, urinary hesitation), CNS effects (eg, drowsiness, stupor, coma, ataxia, restlessness, agitation, hyperactive reflexes, muscle rigidity, seizures), cardiovascular effects (eg, tachycardia, other arrhythmias, bundle branch block, QRS widening, impaired conduction, heart failure), respiratory depression, hypotension, shock, vomiting, hyperpyrexia, mydriasis, diaphoresis

100% Oxygen by mask, respiratory support if needed, immediate measurement of carboxyhemoglobin level; if carboxyhemoglobin is more than about 25%, consideration of hyperbaric oxygen in consultation with poison control center (see Carbon Monoxide Poisoning)

Slightly toxic effects (eg, with methoxychlor) to highly toxic effects (eg, with dieldrin)Vomiting (early or delayed), paresthesias, malaise, coarse tremors, seizures, pulmonary edema, ventricular fibrillation, respiratory failure

Stained lips (white, brown, then black), argyria (slate gray or blue skin discoloration), gastroenteritis, shock, vertigo, seizures

A wide range of effects (eg, sedation, seizures, excitement, coma, dystonia, hypotension, tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias or torsades de pointes, anticholinergic effects, hyperthermia, agranulocytosis, or hypothermia)

Milk, starch, or flour po; early airway support; fluid and electrolytes; treatment of shock; early, aggressive airway management

Increased activity, exhilaration, talkativeness, insomnia, irritability, exaggerated reflexes, anorexia, diaphoresis, tachyarrhythmia, anginal chest pain, psychotic-like states, inability to concentrate or sit still, paranoia

Ingestion: Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, dysuria, intravascular hemolysis, seizures, hemolytic anemia in people with G6PD deficiency

Interstitialfluid

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, confusion, visual disturbances, CNS depression, ventricular fibrillation, kidney injury, liver injury, cirrhosis

Dizziness, incoordination, stupor to coma, gastroenteritis, hemorrhagic gastritis, hypotensionKetosis without acidosisNo retinal injury or acidosis

Stimulation then depression, nausea, vomiting, loss of self-control, anxiety, hallucinations, sweating, hyperthermia, seizures, MI (rare)

See specific acids and alkalis (eg, , Fluorides) and Caustic IngestionEye contact: See Overview of Eye TraumaSkin contact: See Burns

Violent myoclonus that simulates generalized seizures but with intact mental status, caused by minor stimuli; complete muscle relaxation between apparent seizures; perspiration; respiratory arrest

Airway protection; consideration of alkalinization for QRS widening; admission of patients who have symptoms > 6 hours after ingestionFor severe symptoms, consideration of IV lipid emulsion

Irritated skin and mucous membranes, skin vesicles, nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, burning pain in back and urethra, respiratory depression, seizures, coma, abortion, menorrhagia

See specific gas, eg, Ammonia gas, Carbon monoxide , Chlorine (tear gas), Hydrogen sulfide (sewer gas, volatile hydrides), and Organophosphates (nerve gas)

Ingestion: Severe gastric cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, dry throat, cough, dyspnea, headache, shock, coma, brown urine, renal failureInhalation: Pneumonitis with dyspnea and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, hypoxia, death

Vomiting, upper abdominal pain, pallor, cyanosis, diarrhea, drowsiness, shock; possible toxicity if > 20 mg/kg of elemental iron is ingested

Fluid

Lethargy, nystagmus, pinpoint pupils, tachycardia, coma, respiratory depression (NOTE: Toxicity may be delayed up to 12 hours.)

Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, colic, hypertension, cardiac arrest, dyspnea and cyanosis, ventricular fibrillation, severe hypokalemia, skeletal muscle weakness

See specific components (eg, Barium compounds, Fluorides, Phosphorus [yellow or white], Thallium salts, Anticoagulants, warfarins)

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Methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, anoxia, GI disturbance, vomiting, headache, dizziness, hypotension, respiratory failure, coma

Agitation, sinus tachycardia, seizures, comaWithdrawal syndrome similar to withdrawal symptoms after stopping gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

Nausea, vomiting, rash (may be acneiform), slurred speech, ataxia, confusion, psychotic behavior, coma, paralysis, negative anion gap

Sympathomimetic toxidromes, headache, nausea, dystonia, hallucinations, nystagmus, fasciculations, diarrhea, seizures, agitation, muscle rigidity

Severe toxicity with 60–250 mL (2–8 ounces) in adults or 8–10 mL (2 teaspoons) in childrenLatency period 12–18 hoursHeadache, weakness, leg cramps, vertigo, seizures, retinal injury, dimmed vision, metabolic acidosis, decreased respiration

Delayed onset of symptoms with nitrogen oxides unless heavy concentrationFatigue, cough, dyspnea, pulmonary edemaLater, bronchitis, pneumonia

Fatigue, thirst, flushing, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, loss of consciousness, dyspnea, respiratory arrest, skin absorption

Cyanosis due to formation of methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin, dyspnea, weakness, vertigo, angina, rashes and urticaria, vomiting, delirium, depression, respiratory and circulatory failure

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Meanwhile, NIJ continues to fund innovative research to address the need for new tools to better identify body fluids while minimizing the consumption of evidence. With NIJ funding, spectroscopic methods used in other analytical chemistry applications are being applied to forensic science to develop new methods. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has the potential for nondestructive blood stain analysis in laboratory and crime scene settings.[1] Raman spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics has been shown to be able to discriminate between peripheral blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, sweat, and vaginal fluid, without consuming any sample.[2] Advances are also being made in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the identification of dried blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, and urine.[3] NIJ funds are also being used to develop multiplex methods to identify multiple body fluids (e.g., human saliva, urine, seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, peripheral blood, and menstrual blood) using mass spectrometry.[4] As forensic laboratory interest in massively parallel sequencing technologies increases, NIJ’s investments into research projects that support sequence analysis-based methods to identify body fluids are becoming more relevant to potential practice.