The MQ-9 Reaper is a larger, more powerful version of the U.S. government’s initial MQ-1 Predator drone developed in the 1990s.

When hazardous substances are mentioned, they are substances and mixtures with a harmful effect on humans and/or the environment. They are subject to several laws and regulations, the most important of which are the

It wasn’t until the 1980s and 90s, that the U.S. military began heavily investing in the technology. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded the AAI Corp and Israel-based Malat contracts in the 90s to develop more advanced drone technology, which resulted in more cost-efficient technologies.

Even as the consumer drone market exploded and reduced the cost of drone technology, enterprises were reluctant to scale their drone programs. The FAA’s long term rules for commercial use and their implications remained uncertain, and the risk of investing was perceived as too high.

The modular system consists of a hazard warning and three numbers. The first number indicates a grouping (physical hazard, health hazard or environmental hazard) and is followed by two consecutive numbers. Each H-phrase can be assigned to a specific hazard, which are provided with special safety instructions.

While the commercial drone space has struggled with regulations over the last ten years, the personal and recreational drone industries have grown under less scrutiny.

Not only in the operational environment, but also in everyday life, we constantly encounter hazardous substances with corresponding symbols on the packaging. In order to protect yourself from the harmful effects of hazardous substances, you should be familiar with the applicable hazard symbols and their meaning – this will help you to take appropriate precautions when handling the substances.

In modern uses, the word “drone” refers to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In other words, aircraft that don’t require an onboard pilot in order to operate. For our purposes, technologies in the drone sector will be broken down into two categories: drones that require a human operator to guide their missions and autonomous drones, which do not.

In 2021, the FAA reports that there are nearly 900,000 drones registered in the US alone. That includes a little over half a million drones registered for recreational use.

The GHS pictogram with a black exclamation mark indicates the signal word “Caution” and warns against harmful and irritating substances. These can, for example, causerespiratory and skin irritation or have acute toxicity. Narcotic effects are also possible.

Four GHS pictograms fall into the category of hazard symbols for health hazards. These GHS health hazard symbols include, for example, the hazardous materials pictogram “toxic” because there is an effect on the human organism. The corresponding hazardous substance labels are noted in the following table:

Hazard symbol

In the early years of the war, the U.S. Air Force began using unmanned aircrafts to cut down on pilot deaths over hostile territory. Investment in drone technology continued after the Soviet Union shot down an American spy plane in 1960.

The majority of hobby drones, those used by private citizens for non-commercial purposes, are quadcopters, or drones with four propellers. They are considerably cheaper than their commercial counterparts, typically under $2,000 and lacking the sophisticated software and sensors required of their commercial counterparts.

Since June 01, 2015, the nine GHS hazard symbols have described the hazards “explosive”, “flammable”, “oxidizing”, “corrosive”, “toxic”, “harmful and irritant”, “hazardous to health”, “hazardous to the environment” and “gases under pressure”.

A refractometer is used to determine the refractive index of transparent materials. Depending on the type of sample, different versions of these instruments come into question, which must be specially calibrated. In this blog post, you can read about the differences between the models, how refractometers are calibrated, and what to look out for in terms of calibration liquid and interval.

In 2015, the first legal delivery of medical supplies occurred in the U.S. The market for global medical drones is predicted to reach $947.6 million by 2027.

Today, over three-dozen countries  and multiple terrorist groups and non-state actors have  weaponized drones in their arsenal.

Contact one of our drone experts today to learn more about our advanced drone solution and keep your critical infrastructure and assets protected and your workers safe.

Another market for drones that grown tremendously is the drone inspection market. The value of the inspections for confined spaces (examples include Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Mining, Chemicals, Marine Vessels, and others) was $795.12 million in 2019 and is projected to reach $1,936.32 million by 2027.

This growth has been fostered in part due to the 2021 approval by aviation regulators in the U.S of the first fully automated commercial drone flights. This meant approved companies could have drones operating without anyone controlling or monitoring it onsite.

Yet when drones first emerged on the market, they were strictly used for military purposes. Let’s take a look into the history and uses of drones since they were first used to get a clearer picture of how the industry expanded to what it is today.

Substances, articles and mixtures with potentially hazardous properties must be labeled accordingly according to current legislation. This is the responsibility of the GHS, which provides the classification and labeling obligation with hazard symbols. We have summarized the meaning of the hazard symbols and hazard pictograms, the criteria used to distinguish between them, and the status of supplementary signal words, H and P phrases.

Informed by military research and development over the previous 150 years, the first use of drones for non-military ventures started in 2006, the same year the Federal Aviation Administration issued its first commercial drone permit.

Not only in everyday industrial life, but also at home, we encounter hazard labels every day–think, for example, of cleaning agents and utensils such as insect spray or wood polish. In particular, older and longer-lasting products that have been in the household for several years may have the outdated GHS hazard symbols from before 2015.

Hazard symbols and meanings

Since their first use in the mid-1800s, drones have been used for photography, security, safety, and environmental applications. However, warfare is responsible for paving the way for the drone technologies we have today. Military units across the globe were among the first to recognize the benefits drones could provide to wartime strategies and began working to expand the industry.

In 1915, Nikola Tesla wrote about unmanned aerial combat vehicles. The first attempt at a self-propelled drone as an aerial target was completed in 1916 by A.M. Low. It wasn’t until World War I that the first pilotless torpedo was invented by the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company.

Hazard signs can be differentiated into several symbols and icons that together provide a comprehensive hazard assessmentfor a substance. These include GHS pictograms, signal words, identification letters, H-phrases and P-phrases, as well as hazard classes and hazard categories.

Despite these major advancements in technology and regulation, it would be another decade before the commercial drone industry would truly take off.

Agricultural and industrial sites were the first two main markets for commercial drone use. Drones were used to manage crops and carry out inspections. Due to tight margins in the agricultural market, other industries such as utilities, renewable energy, mining, drone deliveries and port and sea terminals have since outpaced it in terms of adoption.

The latter forms the basis for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), which includes the so-called GHS symbols.

Among the best known GHS symbols is probably the pictogram “flame”, but it is not the only representative in this category. Other hazard symbols are added:

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In 2018, companies around the world, from the U.S., to China, to Israel, began  investing funds to research drone use for things like taxi services, photography, and indoor applications.

During World War II both Allied and German forces used drones to train aircraft gunners and aid in missions. After the end of World War II, drone developers began using jet engines in technologies like the Australian GAF Jindivik and the Model 10001, built for the U.S. Navy by Beechcraft.

In the early 70s, Israel began using drones as decoys in the Yom Kippur War. It was during this same time that the United States officially confirmed that they had been using drones in Vietnam. According to the Armed Forces Journal International in 1982, the U.S. stated that they had flown more than 3,435 drone missions during the war for both decoy and surveillance applications.

The symbols for hazardous substances are given as so-called “GHS pictograms”, i.e. as small pictures without text. According to GHS, a total of nine hazardous substance symbols can be distinguished, which in turn are differentiated into three categories:

Warningsign

In the mid-90s, the U.S. government began The Predator program , which resulted in the MQ-1 Predator, equipped with a Hellfire anti-tank missile on its wings. It paved the way to the MQ-9 Reaper in 2007. The Predator and Reaper drones are what most people today picture when they think of military drones.

The REACH regulation defines nine hazard symbols according to the GHS system. These are white boxes with a red border, in which a suitable symbol for the type of hazard is shown. In the past, the hazard symbols were shown in orange fields, which can sometimes still be seen on old packaging.

The hazard pictograms, R-phrases and H-phrases contained therein are authoritative for the labeling of hazardous substances in Germany and the European Union. They serve the purpose of standardization, so that the meaning of the hazard symbol is recognized at first glance. Different categories are prescribed for different hazards. Since 01 June 2015, these are white fields with a red border; previously, orange fields were common. The transition period ended on 01 June 2017.

By the time of the first US congressional hearing on the issue in 2015, only 13 permits had been approved in nearly 10 years.

Corrosive symbol

Substances and mixtures that have a harmful effect on humans or the environment are referred to as hazardous substances. They are subject to many laws and regulations on labeling, classification and handling. Especially in the workplace, knowledge of these regulations is elementary. Read this blog post to learn what hazardous materials are, what proper hazardous material labeling looks like, and why it's so important.

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hazard symbols意思

If “Caution” is added to the pictogram, the hazard symbol meaning of the GHS is extended by an indication of a medium hazard level. Such attention hazardous substances can be assigned to the following hazard classes and categories:

Today, when we think of military drones, we tend to think of sleek, advanced planes and quadcopters.  However, the world’s inventors and militaries first developed drone technology as balloons, torpedoes, and aerial targets – feats of invention and innovation at the time.

Hazard symbols are ubiquitous in everyday life and can be found on various packaging of substances. These include, for example, cleaning agents, nail polish remover, spray cans or gas bottles. In addition, there are common representatives such as fuels, coatings and paints, and essential oils.

By the late 1960s, the U.S. government had invested in and used drone technology throughout Vietnam and to aid in naval missions, though most of these missions were classified.

Not all operations are covered by Part 107. Instead, they require a waiver which people/businesses can apply for. It can take months until the waiver process is complete and waivers and not always approved. Thus, regulation is still a roadblock for advanced commercial operations. Note, there are similar regulations around the world including the UK, EU and Australia.

When transporting hazardous goods, other information in addition to the GHS symbols must be noted on the packaging and on the transport vehicle. This helps to be able to take the right measures in the event of damage and to enable conclusions to be drawn about the hazard category. A distinction is made between the signal words “Caution” and “Danger”:

The P-phrases work according to the same principle, where “P” stands for “Precautionary Statemens” and refers to safety instructions when handling the respective hazardous substances:

Percepto, one of the first companies in line to receive type certification, is a global market leader for autonomous industrial drones and remote autonomous inspection and monitoring solutions. Their systems are autonomous, intelligent and simple.

H-phrases and P-phrases can also be assigned to the individual GHS symbols. In the EU, EUH phrases are also used. They give concise safety instructions for hazardous substances and have an analogous use as, for example, the R- and S-phrases; which can be found in the EU labeling. The “H” in H-phrases stands for “Hazard Statements” and is used for hazards arising from chemical substances and their manufacture:

New are the pictograms “Health hazard” and “Exclamation mark”, which not only look different, but also carry additional hazard warnings. In the following hazardous substance labeling table you will find the comparison of the old and new symbols:

It wasn’t until 2013, after Amazon announced it would use drones for delivery, that the general public really began to take notice.

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Drones have a bright future as they seep their way into more industries and companies discover more value-adding use cases. The future of autonomous drones is particularly bright due to the FAA’s shift towards streamlining approvals for fully autonomous drone flight, mainly with its new type certification (TC) program for drones. With this dramatic change, a reliable drone solution can undergo a series of thorough testing to prove to regulatory bodies that it can operate safely in specific, complex situations. With this roadblock removed, autonomous drones will be implemented at much larger scales across consumer and commercial industries alike, helping bring about a safer, greener and more efficient and productive future.

Unlike dangerous goods, hazardous materials are not in transit. Therefore, every hazardous material is a hazardous substance, but not every hazardous substance is a dangerous good. This makes further labeling necessary that goes beyond the pictograms according to GHS and expands the meaning of the dangerous goods symbols to include instructions for action in traffic.

Government agencies quickly began testing drone technologies for disaster relief and border surveillance while corporations began using them for commercial applications like pipeline inspections, crop evaluation, and security.

In addition, there are three GHS symbols with meaning for physical and chemical hazards and for the environment. These hazardous substance symbols look like this:

Substances, articles and mixtures with potentially hazardous properties must be labeled accordingly according to current legislation. This is the responsibility of the GHS, which provides the classification and labeling obligation with hazard symbols. We have summarized the meaning of the hazard symbols and hazard pictograms, the criteria used to distinguish between them, and the status of supplementary signal words, H and P phrases.

In addition to the signal word for the “Caution” pictogram, there is also the signal word “Dangerous”. It adds the meaning of a serious hazard category to the GHS label. This high hazard level may relate to the following hazard classes and categories:

What do you envision when you hear the word “drone?” Today, drones are used in many ways including delivery of small items, industrial site inspections, infrastructure monitoring, mapping, crop monitoring, emergency response and security surveillance. The use cases seem endless as more and more industries discover ways that drones benefit their business. And of course, as world regulators are beginning to work with industry leaders and stakeholders to allow for more complex operations – as is the case in the US with the new beyond visual line of sight aviation rulemaking committee.

After World War I, companies worked to push drone technology forward with inventions like the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane and the Kettering bug, an unmanned aerial torpedo. Most efforts during this time were completed by the military up until 1935, when actor and model-airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny became the first civilian to develop a remotely piloted vehicle.

That all changed in the fall of 2016, when the landmark Part 107 rule clearly defined requirements for commercial operations in the US, effectively making skies open for business.  Soon after, the FAA began issuing thousands of drone permits per year.

This serves the purpose of making the hazardous substance symbol meaning quicker and easier to see. At the same time, the classification aligns the hazard symbols and their meaning more closely with target groups (think consumers, first responders, or transportation personnel).