Most poisonous gases

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Most poisonous gas in the world oxygen

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AGDS is most likely to be useful in the context of the following policing problems, some of which are topics in the Problem-Specific Guides series (indicated by asterisks):

The first large-scale use of lethal poison gas on the battlefield was by the Germans on 22 April 1915 during the Battle of Second Ypres.

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By the Armistice, chemical shells made up 35 percent of French and German ammunition supplies, 25 percent British and 20 percent American.

Deadlier gasses and more reliable delivery systems were introduced later in the war. By 1917, chemical shells, projectors, and mortars could deposit dense gas barrages on enemy lines, or behind them on supply routes, reserve trenches, or gun batteries. Phosgene, introduced in late 1915, was nearly invisible and much more lethal than chlorine. The Germans unleashed mustard gas in the summer of 1917. It attacked the skin and blinded its victims, thereby defeating existing gas masks and respirators.

Toxic gases List PDF

Toxic gas list

AGDS is also likely to be used in conjunction with other police responses, some of which are topics of other Response Guides (indicated by asterisks), such as the following:

In the last year of the war, soldiers of all armies struggled across battlefields often choked with gas. There were approximately one million gas casualties to all armies during the war, 12,000 of them Canadian. Many soldiers never reported their multiple minor gassings, which, at the time, were not immediately debilitating. Suffering in later years from chemically-induced illnesses and disabilities, they would sometimes fight unsuccessfully to have medical claims approved, having failed to document their injuries at the time.

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False positives (i.e., non-gunfire identified as gunfire) and false negatives (i.e., gunfire that is entirely missed or misidentified as another sound) do occur, although the exact error rate can be difficult to establish in real-life applications.6 Some vendors, therefore, include additional human review before notifying the police. Depending on the system, the notification process can take between a few seconds for fully automated systems to about a minute for systems with human review (see Figure 2).

Although gunshot detection can use either optical or acoustic monitoring, police typically do not use the former because it requires a direct line of sight.2 Acoustic detection takes advantage of the sound waves produced by the muzzle blast or the sonic boom generated by a bullet as it travels through the air.3 Most commercially available systems use muzzle-blast information because it enables better triangulation of the point of origin. Usually, an array of microphones forms a listening network. Detecting the point of the projectile impact is possible 4 but is of secondary interest, since casings are typically more abundant and therefore easier to match to a firearm than the projectile. In addition, many projectiles become too deformed or damaged to assist police in their investigation. Acoustic sensors are typically placed at specific intervals to create a grid with adequate coverage for the area of interest. In the grid depicted in Figure 1, the near-constant speed of sound waves (About 375 yards or 1,125 feet per second at 68 degrees Fahrenheit †) is leveraged to locate the point of origin for loud noises because the sensors pick up this noise at slightly different times.

Poisonous gases and their effects

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Poisonous gases in air

This guide describes best practices for the implementation and uses of acoustic gunshot detection systems (AGDS). These systems can instantaneously detect and report gunfire, facilitating the police response to gunfire incidents and assisting with evidence recovery. Over the last decade, many large- and medium-sized cities have deployed AGDS, including mobile and camera-integrated systems. Despite growing deployments of AGDS, most police agencies use these systems to facilitate only the immediate response and investigation of gunfire, but the technology can also potentially identify high-risk locations to receive targeted preventative interventions.1

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Toxic gas examples

Toxic gases that can kill you

This sketch depicts a blinded soldier recovering from the chemical effects of mustard gas. Most gassed soldiers recovered their sight within four to six weeks, but some were blinded permanently.

Acoustic systems are activated by a range of loud noises. The systems subsequently process the sounds through a detection algorithm that identifies the type of sound (gunfire, fireworks, exhaust backfires, etc.). In some cases, loud sounds can be misidentified or mislocated 5 for a variety of reasons. For example, the algorithm may have difficulty identifying the sound, or weather may interfere. High wind, thunder, and rain can create background noises that drown out gunfire.

With the introduction of poison gas, many contemporaries feared that the Germans had discovered a war-winning weapon. But the introduction of increasingly effective gas masks and other precautions helped counter the German advantage. The British responded with their own chlorine attacks in September 1915, during which a change in wind direction resulted in more than 2,000 British soldiers being gassed by their own chemicals.

At Ypres, Belgium, the Germans had transported liquid chlorine gas to the front in large metal canisters. With the wind blowing over the French and Canadian lines on 22 April, they released the gas, which cooled to a liquid and drifted over the battlefield in a lethal, green-yellow cloud. The gas shocked but, while some troops fled in panic, the Canadians held their ground. After several days of chaotic and brutal fighting, the Ypres position remained in Allied hands.

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This guide covers the basic principles that drive the technology and the current state of research on what does and does not work, including approaches that are promising but have not specifically been implemented with AGDS. It does not cover the technical details of the technology, such as the algorithms to filter gunfire from other sounds.

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