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Plan your response to cyber incidents in advance. Incidents can have a huge impact on an organisation in terms of cost, productivity and reputation.

SDSs are critical in providing information on the handling of flammable gases, their hazards, and emergency measures. It’s a legal requirement to review these documents before working with any flammable substances.

Eliminating smoking in indoor spaces is the only way to fully protect nonsmokers from exposure to secondhand smoke.1,5 Smokefree policies are the most effective way to provide protection from exposure to secondhand smoke.6 In a study conducted by the National Academy of Medicine, on behalf of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events reported that smokefree policies are effective at reducing the health risks to nonsmokers associated with exposure to secondhand smoke.5 Scientific evidence has demonstrated that statewide smokefree policies are also effective, high-impact strategies for helping individuals quit smoking, as well as reducing tobacco consumption by those who smoke.7 It has been shown that communities that enact comprehensive smokefree laws see up to a 17% reduction in hospital heart attack admissions.8 Smokefree laws and policies have a high level of public support and compliance, and studies have shown they do not negatively affect sales or employment in the hospitality industry.9,10 Currently 61.1% of the total US population is covered by 100% smokefree indoor air policies in bars, restaurants, and worksites.11

Mar 13, 2024 — Drones are changing aerial surveillance with their unique views and secure coverage, surpassing fixed cameras with their flexibility.

A critical aspect of working with flammable gases is understanding their lower explosion limit (LEL) and upper explosion limit (UEL). These limits define the concentration range within which a gas can form an explosive atmosphere when mixed with air and exposed to an ignition source. For instance, hydrogen gas becomes explosive at concentrations above 4% and below 76% in air.

... Tasers.10 After reviewing ten cases of Taser deployment on the transit system, accessed under freedom of information legislation, the British Columbia Civil ...

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2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke-United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(35);1141–1146.

Disclaimer: The STATE System contains data synthesized from state-level statutory laws. It does not contain state-level regulations; measures implemented by counties, cities, or other localities; opinions of Attorneys General; or relevant case law decisions for tobacco control topics other than preemption; all of which may vary significantly from the laws reported in the database, fact sheets, and publications.

A key gas in the ripening of fruits and manufacture of plastics and detergents, ethylene is also produced naturally by plants.

Used in fertilisers and as a refrigerant, ammonia is efficient and cost-effective. However, it is also toxic and corrosive, with a pungent odour that aids in leak detection.

Catch up on the latest news, views and jobs from The Chemical Engineer. Below are the four latest issues. View a wider selection of the archive from within the Magazine section of this site.

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2006.

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7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco Control State Highlights 2012. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2013.

Flammable gases are valuable in many areas, but they must be handled with care and knowledge. Staying alert and educated is key to using these gases safely and effectively.

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Propane is versatile, used in both vehicles and as a fuel source in remote areas, and is known for its ability to liquefy at moderate pressures.

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5. National Academy of Sciences, Institutes of Medicine, Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidenceexternal icon. 2009. Accessed July 22, 2015.

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... National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) files ... Fixed-width ASCII file for the 1991 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS.

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8. Lightwood JM, Glantz SA. Declines in acute myocardial infarction after smokefree laws and individual risk attributable to secondhand smoke. Circulation. 2009;120:1373–1379.

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State-specific secondhand smoke exposure and current cigarette smoking among adults–United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(44);1232–1235.

Although the number of 100% smokefree air laws has increased among states over time, there are still opportunities for greater protection from secondhand smoke.15 People can make their homes and vehicles smokefree, and states can work toward making all public places and workplaces smokefree. Twenty-two states, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau do not yet have in place comprehensive smokefree indoor air laws covering all bars, restaurants, and worksites. Local and state governments are responsible for deciding whether it is appropriate to address this problem through governmental action.

13. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc (ASHRAE). Position Paper: Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Atlanta, GA:ASHRAE; 2005.

FLAMMABLE gases occur in various forms, from naturally occurring methane to pure substances like hydrogen and evaporation products like acetone. Handling these gases requires a deep understanding of their properties and safety limits, making the study of safety data sheets (SDS) essential for anyone working with these substances.

It is important to understand the conditions that can lead to industrial and household explosions. Methane leaks are common in households, but did you know that methane can accumulate underground naturally and cause significant risks? Another setting in which flammable gases require extra safety measures are spray painting facilities. In these explosive atmospheres, strict safety protocols are vital to prevent explosions.

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12. Healthy People 2030 [Internet]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Accessed July 23, 2021. Available from: https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/tobacco-use/increase-number-states-territories-and-dc-prohibit-smoking-worksites-restaurants-and-bars-tu-17

Since 2010, several states enacted smokefree indoor air laws. As of June 30, 2024, 28 states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin), American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Marshall Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have 100% smokefree indoor air laws for bars, restaurants, and worksites (private and government).

A Healthy People 2030 objective calls for an increase in the number of states, territories and the District of Columbia that prohibit smoking in worksites, restaurants and bars.12 The US Surgeon General has concluded that separating individuals who smoke from those who do not, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings are not effective protections against secondhand smoke.13,14 As of June 30, 2024, 29 states, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands prohibit smoking in bars and 35 states, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands prohibit smoking in restaurants. Thirty-five states, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have 100% smokefree indoor air laws in both government and private worksites. Idaho, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Oklahoma prohibit smoking in government worksites but not in private worksites.

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In the United States, exposure to secondhand smoke causes more than 41,000 deaths among nonsmoking adults and an estimated $5.6 billion in lost productivity each year.1 According to the US Surgeon General, no amount of exposure to secondhand smoke is safe.1 Millions of nonsmokers remain exposed to secondhand smoke in the United States.2 In 2013–2014, approximately 58 million nonsmoking Americans were exposed to secondhand smoke.3 The effects of secondhand smoke is particularly hazardous for children because of their increased intake of air relative to their body weights as compared to adults.4 Secondhand smoke causes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute respiratory infections, middle ear disease, and more frequent and severe asthma attacks in children.1,3 It is estimated that about 14 million US children aged 3–11 years are exposed to secondhand smoke.3

† Effective October 1, 2018, Alaska implemented new legislation to prohibit smoking and the use of e-cigarettes in indoor areas of private worksites, restaurants, and bars. Also included in the legislation is an option for a municipality to opt out of these provisions through a voter referendum. Because municipalities in Alaska are able to exempt themselves from this legislation, it is not considered to be a comprehensive smokefree indoor air policy.

4. Tonkin AM, Beauchamp A, Stevenson C. The importance of extinguishing secondhand smoke. Circulation. 2009;120;1339–1341.

11. American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation. Percent of U.S. State Populations Covered by 100% Smokefree Air Laws. Available at: https://no-smoke.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/percentstatepops.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2021.

The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) defines flammable gases as those with a flammable range under standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP). Gases remain gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions, while vapours are the gases emitted from volatile liquids.

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Consider this real-life example of UEL and LEL. The survival of over 60% of passengers in the 1937 Hindenburg disaster, where a hydrogen-filled airship fell 61 metres, is attributed to the nature of the hydrogen gas leak. The gas, upon leaking, ignited and rose, taking most of the heat upwards, away from the passengers. Although the airship’s material burned, the hydrogen gas itself was too concentrated to cause an explosion. It only burned where it met the air. Had it exploded, there likely would have been no survivors.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept Health and Human Services; 2014.

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State smoking restrictions for private-sector worksites, restaurants, and bars–United States, 2004 and 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(20):549–552.

Hazardous environments consultancy Armadex highlights the importance of safety data sheets (SDSs) when it comes to providing information on the handling of flammable gases, their hazards, and emergency measures

9. Fong GT, Hyland A, Borland R, et al. Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smokefree public places following the implementation of comprehensive smokefree workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland: Findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey. Tob Control. 2006;15:iii51–iii58.

Used in semiconductor manufacturing, silane is pyrophoric and requires careful handling due to its spontaneous ignition in air.

Explore the complete article for more in-depth insights, proudly presented by Armadex, your trusted provider of explosion-proof devices for hazardous environments.

Although not flammable, this compound induces combustion in other substances and can only be stored in specific metal alloys due to its highly reactive nature.

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3. Tsai J, Homa DM, Gentzke AS, et al. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers — United States, 1988–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:1342–1346. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6748a3 Accessed June 14, 2021.