Persons subjected to a CED discharge should be examined by an FME. Details of injury and any aftercare needed – for example, as provided to the custody staff – should be available when required.

Is methane a flammablegas

CEDs should be carried in a holster, clip, or carriage system. Police forces or agencies should evaluate such systems and ensure they are fit for purpose for the role undertaken. Holsters and carriage systems used by the police service should be suitable for the task and the environment in which the CED is being carried. The holster should:

Where SPOCs identify operational learning that may be of value to others, contact should be made with the College of Policing in order that it may be evaluated and, where appropriate, disseminated and/or incorporated into the CED training curriculum.

In the case of the Taser X2 and Taser 7 (also referred to as T7), as configured for the UK, the five-second cycle is automatically terminated, regardless of whether continuous pressure is maintained on the trigger. Additional action is required from the officer to extend the cycle beyond the default five-seconds.

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CEDs are fitted with torches or laser sights. Officers should consider the effects of their use during any contact with a subject.

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5.2.7        Pressure relief devices shall be provided to limit the pressure to the maximum working pressure in various parts of the system.  In the case of low pressure equipment, dedicated bubblers may be used as relief devices.  Common exhaust piping (where the flammable gas vent is shared with exhaust vents for other systems) shall not be used if equipment overpressure from any combination of devices sharing the exhaust could result due to built up back pressure.

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Scenario based training in the use of CEDs is conducted in a way that emphasises the precautions and considerations relevant to the risk factors above.

5.1.6        Enclosed volumes containing piping or equipment shall be incapable of becoming pressurized.  For example, chest freezers shall not have latching doors.  Electrical devices enclosing or enclosed within these volumes shall be listed for use in Class 1, Division 2 locations per NEC Article 500 or otherwise be documented and approved as non-sparking devices.

If both probes attach to the subject’s skin or clothing correctly with sufficient spread, the effects are likely to be almost instantaneous. The muscle incapacitating effect is only likely to last while the electrical charge is being delivered. The subject may recover immediately afterwards and could continue with their previous behaviour. An incapacitated subject must therefore be controlled quickly and effectively.

3.2              The upper limit for a Class 0 gas system is the combustion energy in 0.6 kg of hydrogen.  The equivalent quantities of some typical flammable gases are given in Table 2.  This equivalence is scaled according to the heat of combustion of the gas.

It is recommended that forces have an appropriate ‘post use pack’ readily available, that contains the above items for evidential recovery, along with PPE (gloves) and antiseptic wipes for probe removal, an aide memoire in relation to post use (including the evaluation checklist below), CED information leaflets, and for Taser 7, the cartridge shipping cover to aid probe removal. The T7 cartridge shipping cover, if it has been used to remove probes that have penetrated the body, should also be treated as a biohazard.

5.2.6        Provisions shall be made to purge the entire system with an inert gas.  If vacuum pumps are used for this, they shall be listed for flammable gas service.

A CED is a less lethal weapon system designed to temporarily incapacitate a subject through use of an electrical current that temporarily interferes with the body’s neuromuscular system and produces a sensation of intense pain.

Conducted energy devices are commonly referred to as Taser. However, police forces should recognise that TASER® is a brand name and registered trade mark for one brand of CED.

Forces should consider the availability of evidence collection equipment, including cameras/body worn video and appropriate packaging. In the case of the Taser 7 the cartridge shipping cover is designed to aid probe removal  and should be readily available.

Forklifts are used for picking up, transporting, stacking and unstacking loads. The following are safe operating rules for each step of safe load handling.

5.2.12.5       Procedures for normal and abnormal operations including purging, start-up, gas bottle changes, mixing, leak detection, tests, alarms, shutdown, emergency situations, and ventilation.

The effective range at which it is likely that the two barbs will attach themselves to the subject may be a lesser distance.

5.2.9.3        “Crash buttons” shall be provided to accomplish the shutdowns described above.  These devices shall be conveniently located, and one shall be adjacent to the fire alarm panel, if present.  Crash buttons should shut off all flammable gas sources which could conceivably be confused by unfamiliar person in a state of panic.  Crash buttons shall be labeled “Gas System and Experiment Power Shutdown.”  They shall be located on the Building Evacuation Plan Maps.

CED evaluation form (Taser 7 only), submit to relevant parties as indicated on the form. Complete use of force reporting in accordance with force policy.

All forces and agencies must appoint a CED single point of contact (SPOC) to receive and evaluate all CED evaluation forms prior to them being submitted to relevant parties as indicated on the form.

This standard applies to activities using flammable gases, whether part of approved experiments taking beam or in testing labs and shops on the Jefferson Lab site.  This standard specifically excludes liquid hydrogen target systems, gases used as fuels, gases used for welding, burning and brazing procedures.  See ES&H Manual Chapter 6122 Welding, Brazing, Cutting, and Grinding Safety and ES&H Manual Chapter 6150 Compressed, Liquefied, and Solidified Gas Program.  If the amount of flammable gas stored at any single location exceeds 10,000 pounds, the requirements of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29 part 1910 “Occupational Safety and Health Standards,” shall also be followed.

The purpose of the CEDSTRA is to establish the operational requirements for STO capacity within the applicable force or region. The CEDSTRA will inform decisions to be made with regard to the appropriate:

The Taser 7 has two cartridge types, close quarter and standoff. Recognising that most deployments occur at close range, logically most officers should load with close quarter cartridges for routine patrol and response use. However, based on knowledge of their specific role and deployment they may vary this as appropriate.

5.1.8        Ventilation above one air change per hour shall be maintained in areas using or storing flammable gas if normal operational flow rates are less than 5 Standard Cubic Liters Per Minute (SCLM).  This ventilation may be accomplished by mechanical or natural ventilation.  For natural ventilation a room vent with a minimum of 1/2 square foot of free area shall be provided per 1000 cubic feet of room volume.  If normal operational flow rates are greater than or equal to 5 SCLM, supervised mechanical ventilation in accordance with Section 7-2.2.1(a) of NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2004 edition shall be provided (not applicable to outdoor Jefferson Lab storage).

A specially trained officer (STO) is a police officer who has been selected, trained, accredited and authorised by their chief officer to carry a CED operationally.

In the case of the Taser 7 the data is automatically downloaded and any faults reported on docking the battery for recharging. The battery should be docked when required or every 30 days whichever comes sooner. Given this remote downloading and monitoring a Taser 7 should be inspected and a full function check conducted at least every 24 weeks by a competent person (i.e. technician or downloader).

In the case of the Taser 7 the cartridge shipping cover is designed to aid probe removal. Forces should ensure that the cartridge shipping cover is available to medical professionals to aid probe removal, should they require it. This includes where probe removal may occur in a hospital setting.

Using specific proprietary software, the relevant data can be downloaded from a Taser X26 or X2 to a computer via the dataport. In the case of the Taser 7, the data is automatically downloaded upon docking the battery for recharging. See dataport auditing.

5.1.4        An orifice, excess flow valve or other fixed means of limiting the flow to no higher than ten times the maximum operational flow rate shall be installed.

CEDs will be carried in a clip, holster or carriage system, in accordance with the user’s training, so as to avoid any confusion over the selection and use of lethal and less lethal weapons. CEDs may be other colours commensurate with covert carriage.

Some models of CED can be configured in different ways by altering the device’s settings. Not all settings are authorised for use in the UK. Only authorised device settings should be used.

The PSNI continues to notify the Police Ombudsman’s Office about all firearms discharges, including Tasers. However, rather than automatically initiating an investigation, Police Ombudsman staff now conduct preliminary enquiries to assess whether a full investigation is necessary.

In any situation where a CED is discharged, appropriate post-use procedures should be implemented depending on the nature of the injury or harm caused. Every use will warrant, where possible, consideration of minimum standard forensic retrieval.

5.2.12.7       A call list, including home telephone numbers and available pagers, of personnel familiar with the operation of the system.

5.1.2        Combustibles and ignition sources shall be minimized within 10 feet or three meters of gas handling equipment, piping or apparatus.

Nothing in this document is intended to prevent the use of methods or materials of equivalent or superior quality to those prescribed below.  The E2RC will review documented requests for equivalency.

The Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine provides guidance on the clinical effects of TASER® and managing those subjected to TASER® discharge, as well as information for GPs and hospital clinicians to use as appropriate.

5.3.1        Storage and processing enclosures shall be constructed, where practical, to comply with the guidelines of Chapter 7 Liquefied Petroleum-Gas Liquid Transfer of NFPA-58 (see Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 3 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases) While this document is specifically applicable only to LP gas storage facilities, it is a useful guide.  Exceptions may be made with the written approval of the E2RC.

The duration of the initial discharge and any subsequent discharge must be proportionate, lawful, accountable and absolutely necessary (PLAN).

5.3.4        Fire sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2002 edition, to protect any adjoining or enclosing buildings from a fire in the gas storage facility.  Sprinklers shall not be installed within the gas storage facility itself since it is not desirable to quench a gas fire with the leak still present.  (Note that this is an exception to the general rules for sprinkler installation at Jefferson Lab.)

The Taser X2 and Taser 7 may be used to achieve incapacitation in ‘three point contact’ mode (one probe and two contacts).

5.2.12.4       A plan view of the installation including the locations of flammable gas detector heads with their elevations marked.

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Each model of CED is subject to specific modules of learning. Training records and the authorisation of officers to carry CEDs should clearly identify which device they are authorised and competent to carry.

When a CED is to be carried in a holster, it is important that any retention mechanisms, and lanyards (where issued), are fitted properly and are in working order.

Examples of gas systems analysis are given in Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 2 Examples of Gas System Class Determination.

In the case of the Taser X26, the five-second cycle is initiated by momentary pressure on the trigger. However, if pressure is maintained on the trigger the device will discharge until the trigger is released.

The bespoke form should be completed as soon as possible, but in any case, within 24 hours of use. Completed forms should be submitted to the National Less Lethal Weapons Secretariat.

CEDs should not be stored alongside pyrotechnics, ammunition, specialist munitions or flammable products. Chief officers should ensure that there is provision for storing CEDs as section 5 Firearms Act 1968 prohibited weapons.

A use of force form should be completed as soon as practicable on every occasion where a CED is used. Forms should be submitted as indicated on the form.

The CED single point of contact (SPOC) is responsible for reviewing, collating and recording all Taser 7 CED evaluation forms.

The cycle can be repeated or extended if the required incapacitation does not appear to take effect and if the further use of force is justified and proportionate in the circumstances. Officers should review other options as there may be technical or physiological reasons why the device is not working as expected on a particular individual (the National Decision Model should be used).

CEDs for uniform overt use are yellow in colour and will be carried only on the wearer’s non-dominant side to avoid any confusion over the choice of weapon, and to avoid any public misconception of the nature of the type of weapon being carried.

5.2.1        The system, including vessels, chambers, supply and vent piping, and exhaust points shall be labeled “flammable gas.”

Including wires and probes complete, which may show range at which it has been used. Not to be spooled. Break wires, two to three inches from the probes, to preserve forensic integrity for future examination if required. Package probes in a suitable container.

5.3.2.1        All storage enclosures shall be maintained free of standing water and/or ice to prevent falls of personnel handling gas system components.

At the earliest opportunity following arrival at the custody suite, a detainee who has been subjected to a CED discharge should be given an appropriate information leaflet describing the CED, its mode of operation and effects. This leaflet should be fully explained.

3.5              A written analysis of the Gas System Class is preferred; if the Gas System Class determination has not been documented in a written analysis, then Class II will be assigned by default.

Additionally, completion of a separate bespoke form is required after the introduction into service of any new device. Currently, forms are required for all types of use of the Taser 7.

The discharge of a CED is intended to mitigate the threat by temporarily incapacitating the individual, not solely to inflict severe pain or unnecessary suffering on another in the performance or purported performance of official duties (see ECHR Article 3).

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In order to consider the safety of other people, officers should communicate that they are using a CED by clearly stating ‘Taser, Taser’, indicating that it is being discharged. However, there may be specific reasons why this warning may be clearly inappropriate or unnecessary in the circumstances.

Only specific CED batteries and cartridges are authorised for use in the UK, as per the systems approach and Code of Practice. No other non-authorised CEDs, batteries or cartridges can be used for operational use and/or training. The authorised CEDs, batteries and cartridges must not be modified or altered in any way, unless it is a recognised method or specification, for example firmware updates, alteration of settings to the authorised specification, attaching labels in an approved fashion.

5.2.8        Relief devices in flammable gas service with a capacity over two standard liters per minute shall be vented outdoors.  The exhaust locations shall be chosen to minimize fire hazards and shall not be within 10 feet or three meters of an air intake.  Vents shall be protected from clogging by debris, snow, or ice.

5.3.2.7        There shall be provisions for the ventilation of such enclosures per NFPA-58 (Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 3 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases).  Mechanical ventilation failure shall be alarmed.

The carriage of a CED does not, in itself, constitute a use of force. However, when a CED is ‘used’ the officer in possession is both legally and organisationally accountable.

If an officer believes that a person on whom CED discharge has been applied has a cardiac pacemaker, vagus nerve stimulator or other electronic implanted device, immediate referral should be made to hospital.

Close coordination and detailed planning between organisations is fundamental to successful multi-agency operations   and should normally be agreed at strategic command (gold) level or its equivalent level of management in the organisation concerned.

CEDs will only be issued to STOs who have successfully completed training in the use of the device in accordance with the relevant national curriculum, and who remain currently competent.

5.2.3        Joints shall be made by welding, brazing, pipe thread, or commercial fittings appropriately installed.  Custom-made fittings required by detector design shall provide secure connections.

Protection is provided to officers who use the CED and to those on whom it is used, as the data is recorded by the device on each occasion that it is discharged.

Standard operating procedures (SOPs) should identify the default cartridge by role but give officers sufficient tactical flexibility to vary this when required.

5.2.10    Visual indication of the actual use of flammable gas shall be provided at both the storage location and at the experimental apparatus.  Such lights shall be controlled automatically and shall indicate actual “gas on” and “gas off” status in real time.  Flammable gas alarm status shall also be displayed at the locations of these warning lights.

CEDs are classified by the National Less Lethal Weapons Working Group as ‘work-related equipment’ (in the same way as firearms) and not as personal safety equipment (e.g. batons and irritant spray).

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Incidents where subjects are already contained or restrained may be subject to closer scrutiny or interest. Any medical risk may be increased the longer or more often the device is discharged.

Forces should have procedures in relation to the maintenance and inspection of CEDs and cartridges. This should be documented in a standard operating procedure (SOP) that articulates the following:

3.1              An analysis of the gas system shall be conducted using the flowchart shown in Figure 1.  The analysis is based on the energy in the gas available for a fire, and classifies gas systems in order of increasing risk.  The flowchart in Figure 1 utilizes the limits on quantities of hydrogen gas.  These quantities must be adjusted for other gases using the heat of combustion as described in Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 7 Heats of Combustion.  The results of the analysis indicate the Gas System Class as described in Table 1.

5.3.2.5        The use of gas system enclosures to store oxidizers or gases used as fuels shall be prohibited.  These enclosures shall not be used to store items not relevant to the gas system.

Flammable and inflammable gases

3.4              Gas in cylinders connected to a piping system is included in the quantity calculation.  Nearby stored gas may be excluded from the quantity calculations if the stored quantity is less than the amounts listed in Table 2 for Class 0 or the storage is located outdoors.

The expected reaction of a person exposed to CED discharge in probe mode is loss of some voluntary muscle control accompanied by involuntary muscle contractions. During the discharge the subject may:

Where local good practice has been identified, or where enhancements to (or issues with) CED training have been identified, this should be communicated to the College of Policing so that good practice identified at a local level may be assessed and, where appropriate, cascaded nationally and incorporated into any revised training.

Procedures are the same as for Class 0, with the addition that if an independent reviewer or review panel is appointed, the E2RC must formally concur with the report of that review.  Approval by the Division Associate Director is required before the introduction of flammable gas into a system.

5.2.14    The Physics Division ES&H group shall be notified before using any types of gas not found in the stockroom, and a copy of the SDS for the new gas shall be provided to both the Physics Division ES&H group and to the Jefferson Lab SDS Coordinator.  Reference ES&H Manual Chapter 6610 Chemical Hygiene and ES&H Manual Chapter 6610 Appendix T1 Safety Data Sheets

The CED’s internal data logging system means the details of all activations can be downloaded or accessed via a computer. Taser X26 and X2 CEDs should be data downloaded and a full function check conducted at least every eight weeks by a competent person (such as a technician or downloader).

The visual effect of the laser sight being directed at an individual may also have a deterrent effect. Officers should be aware that pointing or arcing a CED at an individual may represent a use of force.

Checks that a CED is operating to the manufacturer’s specification can be conducted by Dstl if there is, or is suspected to be:

In certain circumstances it may be appropriate to provide a visual display of the sparking effect of the CED (‘arcing’ or ‘arc display’), which may have a deterrent effect. Unlike the Taser X2 and Taser 7, the Taser X26 must be temporarily unloaded to facilitate this.

In these circumstances everyone involved must understand who is in command of each part of the operation. Command protocols may be a useful means of clarifying this.

5.2.9.2        A high level alarm no higher than 25% of the lower explosive limit (LEL) shall summon the Newport News Fire Department through the Jefferson Lab fire alarm network.  This high level alarm shall also automatically shut off the supply of flammable gas and turn off power to potential ignition sources within 10 feet or three meters of operative gas usage apparatus.

5.2.4        The entire piping system shall be pneumatically tested for leaks at approximately 0.9 times the relief pressure before operating the system.  Any piping with relief valve settings above 150 psig shall be tested at 1.25 times the relief pressure.

Use in probe mode, with sufficient probe spread on the subject, predominately relies on physiological effects, other than pain alone, to achieve this effect.

In order to avoid any confusion over the choice of weapon, and to avoid any public misconception of the nature of the type of weapon being carried, CEDs for uniform and/or overt use should:

The Taser X26 device may be used to achieve incapacitation in ‘angled drive stun’ mode with a spent cartridge fitted. Where justifiable, ‘direct contact’ mode (directly referred to as drive stun) without a cartridge (or an expended cartridge attached) could be used, but this will only produce localised pain and will not achieve muscular incapacitation.

Before beginning to follow this flowchart, the following determination is needed:  evaluate the total gas inventory in terms of the hydrogen equivalent Q using the heat of combustion as a scaling parameter.  The system may be separable into parts each with its own risk classification.  For enclosed storage facilities, the value of Q is determined by the total gas present.  For outdoor storage facilities, the value of Q is determined by the largest single container or manifold system.  For systems in which the gas is not in storage, the inventory is the sum of the mass in all containers, including detectors, piping, and manifolds.

Downloaded data needs to be retained in such a manner to provide a secure and credible audit trail of the activations from each CED. The information should be reviewed to allow for fault analysis and timely indications of improper or unaccounted use.

Sometimes a chief officer agrees to assist another law enforcement agency or other public service agency with an operation that is within their force area, and the appropriate command decision to deploy CED is given.

5.1.9        Welding permits (Fire Hazard Work Permit) Reference ES&H Manual 6122 Appendix T2 Fire Protection: Hot Work Permits shall not be issued for areas within 35 feet or ten meters of the equipment containing flammable gas unless approved in advance by the responsible Division/Section head or designee.

5.2.9.4        Automatic restart of flammable gas systems and power sources shall not be allowed after a high level alarm.  This restriction is intended to require a safety assessment of the situation.  In case of an alarm follow the local emergency plan.

In the best interests and wellbeing of the subject, or in the event of operational necessity, police officers trained in probe removal, minimum standards for forensic recovery and the associated risks, may carry out this procedure. Probes in particularly vulnerable areas (for example the eyes, head, neck or genitalia) should always be removed by medical professionals only, ideally in a hospital setting. If the officer considers there to be any additional risks associated with the removal of a probe, the matter should be referred to a medical professional.

The minimum contact time for initial training is 18 hours. There will follow a minimum 6 hours per annum of refresher training. Annual refresher packages are strictly controlled to ensure that users receive the relevant updates and training. Officers can be authorised for no longer than 12 months from the date of their last period of CED training and assessment.

The maximum range of the device is determined by the length of the wires that carry the current and attach the probes to the weapon. For each device it is currently as follows:

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Once the probes have been removed, they must be secured as evidence and any injury or damage should be noted. Probes removed from the body should be considered as a biohazard. Suitable evidential containers need to be readily available for the removed probes, which must then be examined to ensure they are complete. Incomplete probes may indicate that part of the probe has remained in the subject. Medical professionals should be advised if this is the case.

CEDs will not be routinely used to police public order or public safety events, but may be used as an option to respond to circumstances within the operation. The use of CED ranges from the physical presence of a drawn device through to the application of electrical discharge to a subject. Even before a CED is drawn, the mere visibility of an overtly carried holstered device may serve a deterrent value.

The IOPC have stated that the police use of CED is an area of considerable public interest and concern and that they and other IIA organisations will continue to monitor and maintain oversight of its use, and share learning arising from any cases that they are involved with.

As with any repeated use of force, officers should recognise the risk factors  associated with repeated or extended cycles.

The gas system class analysis shall be reviewed by the Physics Division Experimental ES&H Review Committee (E2RC) or by an independent reviewer appointed by the committee, in which case a copy of the independent review shall be sent to the E2RC.  Approval by the Physics Division Safety Officer is required before the introduction of flammable gas into a system.

The information obtained is for medical, training and scientific purposes. The requirement for these additional bespoke forms is regularly reviewed as operational data is acquired. Once sufficient information has been captured, the requirement for the collection of the extra data will be removed.

Further advice and support can be obtained from the Less Lethal Weapons secretariat in relation to the serviceability of CEDs.

Non FlammableGas

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Taser discharges will now only be subject to a full investigation in cases where the Police Ombudsman is of the view that an investigation is required in the public interest.

It is not practicable or possible to provide a definitive list of circumstances where a CED would be appropriate. The information and intelligence informing the decision to deploy an officer with a CED is significantly lower than that required to inform its use. A direction to deploy an officer with a CED to an incident should not be seen as an instruction to use the device, this remains a decision for the individual officer for which they remain accountable.

Loss of posture and resulting falls could result in head injury, either from the subject’s head hitting the ground or from collision with nearby rigid objects (for example tables, chairs or walls). The fall may result in secondary injuries or being exposed to other risks. There may be further risk if the subject falls while in possession of a bladed weapon or other sharp object.

Incident detail to show scene, weapons involved or available to subject, identification discs and officer locations, injuries to officer and subject, probe locations. The intention is to show as much of the incident in photographic or video detail as possible.

3.3              Installations may be subdivided into separable parts if restrictions exist to keep the gas flow from one part to another from exceeding ten times the normal flow rate.  Normally, the separable parts will be in physically separate rooms.  The gas system Class shall be determined for each installation or separable part thereof using Figure 1.

As soon as practicable after arrival at the custody suite, all arrested persons who have been subjected to CED discharge must be examined by a specially trained healthcare professional (HCP) working in General Forensic Medicine. For standards for relevant HCPs see APP detention and custody, medical assessment.

This document is controlled as an on line file.  It may be printed but the print copy is not a controlled document.  It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that the document is the same revision as the current on line file.  This copy was printed on 6/16/2016.

5.2.2        Piping requirements: Exceptions to this paragraph are permitted adjacent to experimental apparatus where needed for flexibility, electrical isolation, repairs or because of congestion.  This exception is limited to within five meters of the normal operating position.

The CED SPOC is required to clarify any information on the form and disseminate any updates and learning to staff in their own force.

Two or three discs to confirm cartridge serial number. These are projected randomly in probe mode and will not show trajectory.

All CED users need to have an appreciation of the physical and psychological effects of these devices. All CED users will receive full training and assessment in accordance with the relevant CED training curriculum.

5.2.9.1        A low level alarm no higher than 10% of the lower explosive limit (LEL) shall sound a local alarm and be used to initiate corrective action according to a plan included in the documentation of system operating procedures.

All occasions in which a CED is discharged (not drawn, aimed, arced or laser dotted) in Scotland should be referred to the relevant professional standards department (PSD) and then PIRC, who will review and then consider if an investigation is required.

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5.1.1        The area shall be posted “Danger-Flammable Gases, No Ignition Sources” using standard signs available from the Jefferson Lab Safety Lab (in Building 35 or by contacting the Physics Division ES&H Staff).  A list of responsible persons with their phone numbers shall also be posted.

5.4              Outdoor Installations are subject to the following requirements in addition to applicable Class 0, 1, or 2 requirements outlined above.

All police forces and police and crime commissioners have a responsibility to monitor use of CED, together with the nature and volume of complaints received and, where necessary, to take appropriate action. The national arrangements for referral of CED use and complaints is set out as follows.

STOs should carry out appropriate function checks in accordance with their training whenever the weapon is issued, to ensure that the device is working correctly.

5.1.7        Leaks from experimental devices such as drift chambers shall be measured and documented prior to initial operation (with nonflammable gas, if possible).  Leakage above seven liters/hour from any one chamber shall be mitigated.  Recheck for leaks after major repairs or modifications, and at least every twelve months.  Leakage exceeding 20% of the lower explosive limit at a distance over five centimeters from an identified “point” leak shall be repaired.

In the UK, the vast majority of times a CED is ‘used’ does not involve delivery of electrical discharge to a subject. When a discharge is required to be delivered, in most cases this is done by firing probes at the subject. To be effective in probe mode:

CEDs have an internal data logging system that, depending on the model, records various parameters of use. This can be summarised as follows.

The term ‘deployed’ means that an officer has been tasked to an incident by a supervisor trained in the use of the National Decision Model (NDM).

Forces must refer all cases that meet the mandatory referral criteria for post incident investigations to the relevant Independent Investigative Authority (IIA). This includes the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland (PONI) or Police Investigations Review Commission (PIRC) as appropriate to the force or agency concerned.

CEDs are primarily designed to be laser-sighted and use cartridges attached to a cartridge bay located at the front of the device. When the trigger is activated the cartridges eject a pair of probes attached to insulated wires. This mode of use is termed ‘probe mode’. When the two probes make contact with the subject, the device delivers an electrical discharge that lasts for five seconds. This cycle can be stopped, extended or repeated.

The CED may be deployed and used as one of a number of tactical options only after application of the NDM. It should be readily available, and once deployed, normal supervision practices will apply.

5.2.9        Flammable gas detectors shall be installed near equipment installations, mixing stations, and in storage sheds (the measures in this requirement are not necessary for outdoor storage applications):

5.3.2.6        Electrical installation shall comply with NEC Article 500, Hazardous (Classified) Locations.  The classification guidelines are provided in Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 4 Electrical Classification Guidelines and Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 5 Electrical Installation.

5.1.5        All gas cylinders shall be secured.  Cylinders not in use shall be capped.  Empty cylinders shall be removed at the earliest convenient date or on a predetermined, regular schedule coordinated with vendor delivery of new cylinders.  See also ES&H Manual Chapter 6150 Compressed, Liquefied, and Solidified Gas Program.

Similarly, if the subject is found to have any other pre-existing medical condition that could be considered to increase their risk of a serious adverse medical event, immediate referral to a hospital should be considered.

The use of flammable gases in physics experiments presents a unique type of installation, requiring special considerations.  In many cases, mixing of gases is involved.  Large volumes of gases may be present; thus even small leaks or ruptures of thin windows may cause incursions into the flammable concentration region with a large inventory to support fire.  Some flammable gases may be stored in the liquid state, increasing the inventory.  Electrical equipment is an integral part of such installations and can thus provide an ignition source if such a system is improperly designed, fabricated, or operated.  The purpose of this procedure is to mitigate the hazards associated with storage and use of flammable gases.

Flammable Gases may be diluted with inert gas to the point where the mixture is not flammable.  This standard does not apply to facilities using only non-flammable mixtures if they are pre-mixed and verified when obtained.  If a malfunction of an on-site mixing apparatus could cause a mixture to become flammable, the standard does apply to the worst case scenario.  The flammability of a mixture can be determined by referencing United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines Bulletins 503 and 627.  Contact the Physics Division ES&H Group for copies of these bulletins or the reference section in the Jefferson Lab library.

In other countries, confusion over weapon selection in a dynamic situation has led to death and serious injury from mistaken use of conventional firearms.

Forces are required to produce an annual CEDSTRA. The CEDSTRA will be reviewed at least every six months but should be continually monitored and utilised to inform CED capability and capacity in response to local regional and national developments and requirements.

list of flammable gases - wikipedia

Probes that have penetrated the skin should normally be removed by a medical professional at the scene, at a hospital or in the custody suite. This is principally because of the:

AS 4775 – 2007 Safety Equipment Minimum Performance Checklist. Disclaimer: This checklist is to assist in determining basic compliance with AS4775. All ...

This act would make possession or discharge of a stun gun or taser gun an unlawful use of a weapon. However, this prohibition does not apply to peace ...

English and Welsh police forces are not required to refer all non-mandatory CED-related complaints to the IOPC. However, following high-profile CED cases, or where there are exceptional circumstances, forces should strongly consider referring the matter to the IIA voluntarily.

The CED single point of contact (SPOC) is responsible for ensuring that processes are in place for the review of Taser use.

Where justifiable, ‘direct contact’ (‘drive stun’) mode may be used, but this will not achieve muscular incapacitation. With the Taser X2 and Taser 7, ‘direct contact’ can be achieved with the unused cartridges on, off or after one or both have been expended.

CEDs are classified as ‘prohibited weapons’ by virtue of section 5 of the Firearms Act 1968. Police officers, while acting in their capacity as such, are exempt from the requirements of the legislation and do not need any additional legal authority to possess CEDs.

5.4.1        Outdoor installations shall meet all applicable sections of NFPA 55 Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks, 2003 Edition and 58 for outdoor storage, use, and handling of liquefied gasses.  In particular, designers of outdoor installations are cautioned to pay attention to the requirements of these standards for issues such as perimeter construction, roof construction, protection of stored gas from vehicle damage, weather protection, site terrain, etc., and to design the installation in a manner that separates adjacent storage tanks by at least the minimum allowed value based on the size of the tanks.

Police forces formally record all uses of force and submit data in accordance with the Home Office Annual Data Requirement (ADR). This requires every officer to locally record all required information whenever they use force. This includes all CED use.

Flammable gases list

They should give sufficient time for the warning to be heeded, unless to do so would unduly place any person at risk, or would be clearly inappropriate or pointless in the circumstances of the incident.

5.2.12.2       An accurate piping and instrument diagram with symbols per ISA S5.1 (Instrument Society of America), including the normal set point of regulators.

Taser should only be used as a proportionate response to an identified threat. It should not be used to simply gain compliance with instructions or procedures where compliance is not linked to such a threat, or where a threat has been reduced to such an extent that Taser use would no longer be proportionate.

Where serious injury or death has occurred and a less lethal weapon has been used, Scientific Advisory Committee on the Medical Implications of Less-Lethal Weapons (SACMILL) must be advised. This referral should be carried out by the force or agency’s Professional Standards Department via email to: [email protected].

5.2.11    Possible Oxygen Deficiency Hazards shall be addressed according to ES&H Manual Chapter 6540 Oxygen Deficiency Hazard (ODH) Control Program.  The hazard shall be considered for each building or room using or storing flammable or inert gas.

Operational use is reviewed at regular intervals by Dstl and SACMILL on behalf of the NLLW WG. The College of Policing contribute to this process to ensure that emerging issues are properly reflected in training and operational guidance.