Photometric softwarefree

The principal focal length of a lens is determined by the index of refraction of the glass, the radii of curvature of the surfaces, and the medium in which the lens resides. It can be calculated from the lens-maker's formula for thin lenses.

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Photometric softwareAutoCAD

This shows parallel beams from two helium-neon lasers converging to the principal focal point of a 30 cm double convex lens. The rays then enter a diverging lens of focal length -10cm on the right. The laser beams were made visible with a spray can of artificial smoke.

Photometricanalysis

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For a thin double convex lens, refraction acts to focus all parallel rays to a point referred to as the principal focal point. The distance from the lens to that point is the principal focal length f of the lens. For a double concave lens where the rays are diverged, the principal focal length is the distance at which the back-projected rays would come together and it is given a negative sign. The lens strength in diopters is defined as the inverse of the focal length in meters. For a thick lens made from spherical surfaces, the focal distance will differ for different rays, and this change is called spherical aberration. The focal length for different wavelengths will also differ slightly, and this is called chromatic aberration.

PhotometricToolbox

There are a multitude of ways that modeled data from software programs can deviate from real world scenarios. The actual light conditions in the built environment may not reflect the modeled data due to a wide variety of factors that the designer might think are extraneous, such as accuracy in reporting room geometry, surface reflectances, exact luminaire placements, and luminaire aiming. These types of deviations would be much higher in spaces with more complex geometry, variations in surface colors, specularity, multiple luminaires, and interior obstructions

McLean points out that often times differences between the design and the actual installation occur during construction, and are beyond the designer’s control, such as substituted or alternate luminaires, relocation of luminaires, and poor aiming of luminaires. This presents yet another layer of uncertainty in the design.

DIALuxsoftware

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McLean, P. (2004). BEST PRACTICES IN LIGHTING PROGRAMS: Electric Lighting Design Techniques. Kelvin Grove: Queensland University of Technology

The most important characteristic of a lens is its principal focal length, or its inverse which is called the lens strength or lens "power". Optometrists usually prescribe corrective lenses in terms of the lens power in diopters. The lens power is the inverse of the focal length in meters: the physical unit for lens power is 1/meter which is called diopter.

Photometric software has been an important tool to the designer, providing photometric data such as illuminance, luminance, and exitance. In some cases, photometric programs can provide 3-dimensional renderings that help the designer visualize a space before it is built. These programs can be somewhat prohibitive for use in everyday practice, in the early project planning’s stages, or for use by lighting professionals that are not computer experts.

Lumen designersoftware

Autodeskphotometric software

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In addition to real world errors, computational errors occur due to radiosity linear equations errors. Lighting calculation programs, predominantly use a calculation method called radiosity. In the physical sense, radiosity is a term used to describe energy exchanges between surfaces. The equation for radiosity was originally developed by thermal engineers to determine heat exchange rates, but has been refined through the years. In the 1980’s researchers at Cornell began using radiosity techniques in computer rendering graphics. At this same time, the term global illumination was introduced to describe a group of algorithms in 3-dimensional computer graphics. These technologies have been used to create today’s photometric modeling software programs. In the process of calculating photometric data, the model is first divided into patches during a step called discretization, each patch is analyzed, and the results are summed. The radiosity algorithm that models interreflected light has one key caveat; the theory of radiosity assumes that all reflections were ideally diffuse, or that the reflections are uniformly scattered in all directions. This causes errors in calculations that have high surface reflectances or specular surfaces.

According to lens formula, the focal length f of a lens is given by:Object distance: uImage distance: VA. f= uv /u vB. f=u v+u vC. f = u v / uvD. f = uv u ...

Photometricplan

Could it be considered unethical for designers to use lighting simulation programs knowing that there is the potential for such large inaccuracies? So long as the designer understand the inaccuracies and adjust the design as required. Based on past photometric validation research, the uncertainty of design calculation varies between 5% and 30% (McLean 2004). According to McLean, two approaches can be used to address the uncertainty of design when using photometric software programs. In the first, the designer must be certain that the design meets a guaranteed average illuminance. In this case, the designer should increase the designed average illumination by 30% to allow for the effect of negative error. If a level of uncertainty in the design of lighting is acceptable, than a less conservative method can be employed. These are typically situations where the recommended design levels are less important than preservation of a quality design. McLean called this second method “Shared Risk”. In the Shared Risk method the designer should increase the designed average illumination by only 10% above the target level.

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