focallength是什么

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The image plane is the plane upon which the lens projects the image. Generally, on the image plane lies the medium onto which the projected image is to be recorded. This is where the piece of film or the digital sensor in your camera lies. While focusing and composing a view camera, a ground glass is positioned at the image plane, allowing the projected image from the lens to be observed directly.

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The easiest way to visualize the lens plane is to place your lens front (or back) element down onto a table. The surface of the table is now parallel to the lens plane.

To make an accurate measurement on the image, you need to use a minimum of two pixels per smallest feature that you want to detect. To do the calculation for the minimum sensor resolution, multiply two (pixels/smallest feature) times the size (in real-world units) of the field of view divided by the size of the smallest feature as shown in the following equation:

Generally, lenses have fixed focal lengths. Also, it is common that the working distance is flexible, so for simple calculations start out with a ratio of working distance to focal length. This will allow you to use specific lens focal lengths to determine the working distance needed. If the working distance is limited, then, by inverting this ratio, we get the ratio of focal length to working distance. This will allow you to use a range of working distance options to get a focal length range. Then once a lens is selected you can recalculate the exact working distance needed.

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For most cameras, the image plane is fixed – in a DSLR, for example, the sensor is always going to be paralel to the lens mount. The only cameras that alow for image plane movement in relation to the lens mount are view cameras, like the Linhof Technika or specialist cameras like the Hasselblad Flexbody.

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Follow two main steps to pick the minimum required camera resolution and to determine the correct focal length for your application.

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Note: Lenses with short focal lengths (less than 12 mm) produce images with a significant amount of distortion. If your application is sensitive to image distortion, try to increase the working distance and use a lens with a higher focal length. If you cannot change the working distance, you are somewhat limited in choosing a lens.

Normally in a camera, the lens and image planes are parallel to each other. In such configuration, the plane of focus is also parallel to them. What this means is that when your camera (respectivelly lens and image planes) is vertical, the focus plane will also be vertical. In the act of focusing you move this plane closer or further to the camera, but it always remains vertical. This might be a little confusing when we recall the wording of the Schiempflug principle:

Focallength

However, certain camera bodies, lenses or lens mount adapters allow for the angle between the lens and image planes to be adjusted. This adjustment is commonly known as tilt or swing, depending on the orientation. The Scheimpflug principle kicks in once the lens and image planes are not parallel.

The focus plane or plane of sharpest focus is an even more abstract concept. It represents the plane of sharp focus within the photographed scene, the place where you would typically position the subject of your photograph.

Lenses are manufactured with a limited number of standard focal lengths. Common lens focal lengths include 6 mm, 8 mm, 12.5 mm, 25 mm, and 50 mm. Once you choose a lens whose focal length is closest to the focal length required by your imaging system, you need to adjust the working distance to get the object under inspection in focus.

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The Scheimpflug principle is a geometric rule describing the relationships between the orientation of the lens and image planes and the plane of focus. The principle is named after Captain Theodor Scheimpflug of the Austrian army. Captain Schiempflug applied it in correcting perspective distortion in aerial photographs. Aside from photography, the principle is used in a number of scientific and medical applications, and is thoroughly documented. However, as with all scientific concepts, things can get very complicated very fast. Here we will only discuss what the Schiempflug principle means for photography. Put in one sentence, the photographic rendition of the rule is:

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Compared to the image plane, which is (usually) an actual flat surface, the lens plane is more of an abstract concept. The lens plane is a virtual plane that typically lies on the optical center of the lens and is perpendicular to the lens axis. For most lenses the lens plane lies close to the aperture, but depending on the desing it may be in a different location.

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Sensor format refers to the physical size of the sensor, but is not dependent on the pixel size. This specification is used to determine what lens the camera is compatible with. In order for a lens to be compatible with a camera, the format of the lens needs to be greater than or equal to the sensor format. If a lens with a smaller format is use, the image experiences vignetting; this causes regions of the sensor outside of the lens format area to be dark.

The resolution of an image is the number of pixels in the image. This is in two dimensions; for example 640X480. The calculations can be done for each dimension separately; but, for simplicity, this is often reduced to one dimension.

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Sensor size refers to the physical size of the sensor, and is typically not noted on specification sheets. The best way to determine sensor size is to look at the pixel size on the sensor and multiply by the resolution.

As we describe how the Schiempflug principle works we will be talking a lot about planes, so lets define those first. There are three major planes in any camera: the image plane, the lens plane and the focus plane. The orientation between them and the subsequent effects on the image are what the Schiempflug principle is concerned with.