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Research does not necessarily support the effectiveness of body-worn cameras in achieving those desired outcomes. A comprehensive review of 70 studies of body-worn cameras use found that the larger body of research on body-worn cameras showed no consistent or no statistically significant effects.[3] This meta-analysis was rated by CrimeSolutions and resulted in a No Effects rating for the impact of body-worn cameras on use of force, assaults on officers, officer-initiated calls for service, arrests, traffic stops and tickets, and field interviews (i.e., stop and frisk). See Practice Profile: Body-Worn Cameras’ Effects on Police Officer Behavior. This profile is based on a meta-analysis published in 2020.
[note 2] Hyland, S., Body-Worn Cameras in Law Enforcement Agencies, 2016, Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2018. Note that this survey excluded federal agencies, sheriffs’ offices with only jail or court duties, and special-purpose agencies such as transit police and campus police.
Developed by the NIJ-funded NLECTC Sensor, Surveillance and Biometric Technologies Center of Excellence, A Primer on Body-Worn Cameras for Law Enforcement provides an introduction to body-worn camera systems. The report discusses the functions and features of body-worn camera systems and highlights issues and factors that law enforcement organizations should consider before and during implementation.
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In November 2018, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) published a report on the use of body-worn cameras by law enforcement agencies in the United States in 2016.[2] This report showed that:
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In other states, however, these devices may be covered under general laws that regulate the possession, carrying, and use of guns or other weapons. It sometimes takes a decision by an appellate court, or an opinion by a state attorney general, to settle the question of whether stun guns or Tasers are included in various classifications of weapons, including:
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For decades after stun guns and Tasers became a consumer product in the 1990s, they didn't gain much attention from gun-rights advocates and lobbying groups like the National Rifle Association. That meant that in some states and cities, it was easier to carry a handgun than a stun gun.
Stun guns and Tasers have been widely used by police for some time now, but they've also become popular consumer items for self-defense. Most people in the United States are allowed to have stun guns and Tasers, especially in the wake of court decisions finding that these weapons are covered under the Second Amendment's right to bear arms. Still, there are often permit requirements and other restrictions on who can buy stun guns and Tasers, where they can be carried, and when they can be used.
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Some resources on the Internet claim to provide comprehensive, 50-state answers to the question of permissible ownership and use. These sites are generally commercial operations that also sell the devices; some of them at least warn users not to rely on the simplified answers they provide. They may also be out of date, as the law in this area is changing rapidly.
State laws and local ordinances—as well as the interpretation of these laws by courts and attorneys general—will determine whether you need a permit to buy a stun gun or Taser, as well as other restrictions on where and how you can carry these weapons (openly or concealed).
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[note 5] Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Body-Worn Video Technical Guidance (pdf, 10 pages), May 2014
[note 3] Lum, C., et al, Research on body-worn cameras: What we know, what we need to know, Criminology & Public Policy, pp. 93 – 118, March 24, 2019
[note 1] RCTs provide the highest degree of confidence that observed effects are the result of the program and not of other factors.
Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
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"Red flag laws" in some states allow courts to order people who are at risk of gun violence to turn over their firearms and ammunition to law enforcement. Occasionally, as in Oregon, these orders also prohibit possession of other dangerous weapons—which could potentially apply to stun guns and/or Tasers.
If you've already run into problems with the law connected with your use or possession of a stun gun or Taser, you should speak to a qualified criminal defense lawyer as soon as possible. An attorney who's experienced in this field should be able to explain how local laws apply to your situation, and how local courts and law enforcement interpret those laws. And if you believe you've been a victim of excessive force as a result of being tasered by police, a lawyer can explain your legal options.
Some states and localities regulate stun guns and/or Tasers directly, with laws and ordinances that refer to them by name or specifically include them in the definition of a firearm for purposes of gun regulations. For instance, Iowa's weapons laws define stun guns and Tasers as dangerous weapons, and the state specifically allows adults to carry stun guns—but not Tasers—without a permit to carry.
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Based on these reviews and the existing research on the impact of body-worn cameras use, it is clear that further research is essential to determine the value of body-worn cameras use and potentially the more effective ways body-worn cameras could be deployed. Given the growing use of body-worn cameras, it would be best to build in rigorous evaluations as law enforcement agencies expand their use of this technology.
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[note 6] Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology, Recommendations and Guidelines for Using Closed-Circuit Television Security Systems in Commercial Institutions, Version 3.0, June 8, 2012.
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There are basically two different types of hand-held devices for consumer use that temporarily stun or incapacitate the target with an electrical charge:
Body-worn cameras are widely used by state and local law enforcement agencies in the United States. They are worn principally by officers in the performance of duties that require open and direct contact with the public. Despite their widespread and growing adoption, the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of body-worn cameras is mixed. Some studies suggest that body-worn cameras may offer benefits while others show either no impact or possible negative effects. The mixed results of these studies strongly imply that additional research is needed. In particular, more studies employing randomized control trials [1] are needed.
VGA, HD 720P, and 1080 HD are predominant standard resolutions. The higher the resolution, the more storage is needed. Estimates below were created assuming H.264 compression with medium to high motion at 30 frames per second (fps) derived using a heuristic formula widely used in industry. Actual storage utilized is dependent on scene complexity and the motion of the video captured. Consider what sort of analysis may be conducted on the video before selecting a resolution. For example, if forensic video analysis is anticipated, a resolution less than VGA is not recommended.
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You may, however, be able to get more authoritative answers by simply contacting your local law enforcement office, or by going online and accessing the state website run by the agency that administers gun permits.
According to the 2018 BJS report, the main reasons (about 80% each) that local police and sheriffs’ offices had acquired body-worn cameras were to improve officer safety, increase evidence quality, reduce civilian complaints, and reduce agency liability.
These mixed findings are further reflected in findings from evaluations of ten body-worn camera programs that have met the stringent criteria for inclusion in NIJ’s CrimeSolutions, see Table 1.[4] Across these evaluations, researchers looked at a range of outcomes, including use of force, citizen complaints, arrests, and assaults on officers. Four of the body-worn camera programs evaluated were found to have no, limited, or even negative effects.
Although the Caetano court didn't say outright that the Second Amendment protects the right to possess stun guns, state courts and legislatures have taken the hint. In 2019, the Illinois Supreme Court found that the state's blanket prohibition on carrying stuns guns and Tasers in public violated the Second Amendment (People v. Webb, 131 N.E.3d 93 (Ill. Sup. Ct. 2019)). For the same reason, the highest court in Massachusetts struck down that state's absolute ban on civilian possession of these weapons, even in one's own home (Ramirez v. Commonwealth, 94 N.E.3d 809 (Sup. Jud. Ct. Mass 2018)). Massachusetts now regulates stun guns rather than prohibiting them. Courts in other states have followed suit, including New York.
Agencies should consider how body worn cameras will meet their mission needs and requirements prior to procurement and use of the technology. To provide general guidance to law enforcement practitioners, NIJ, NIST and the FBI developed a table listing operating characteristics and associated functionality descriptions based on existing technical resources about criminal justice use of video.[5],[6] The operating characteristics and associated functionality descriptions in the table can help agencies determine what they need as they consider the commercial products available.
[note 4] CrimeSolutions is the NIJ-funded federal clearinghouse of evaluation research, showing what works, what does not work, and what is promising across broad expanses of criminal and juvenile justice programs and practice. Learn more about CrimeSolutions.
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Although the rules vary from state to state—and often from city to city—this article explains the general outlines, important court rulings, and how you can find out more information.
But that situation is changing rapidly, especially in the wake of a U.S. Supreme Court decision that put into doubt the constitutionality of bans on stun guns and Tasers (Caetano v. Massachusetts, 136 S.Ct. 1027 (2016)). In a brief opinion, the Court dismissed a Massachusetts court's reasoning that stun guns weren't protected under the Second Amendment because they were unusual, weren't in common use when the amendment was enacted, and couldn't be readily adapted for military use. None of those reasons ruled out Second Amendment protection, said the Caetano court, because they were inconsistent with an earlier Supreme Court decision that found the amendment applied to weapons that weren't in existence in the 18th century and weren't useful in warfare (District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)). More recently, in deciding that ordinary law-abiding citizens have a right to carry guns in public, the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned stun guns and the Caetano decision when explaining that the Second Amendment covers modern weapons that facilitate armed self-defense. (New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, 597 U.S. __ (2022).)
State and local laws may use other terms for electronic incapacitation devices, including electronic stun weapons, electronic control devices, remote stun guns, and electric guns. Some people—and state laws—use the term "stun gun" to apply to both direct-contact and Taser-type devices. Taser is the brand name for the weapons now made by Axon, but it has become the popular term for all similar devices. Stun guns are different from electric cattle prods, which also deliver electric shocks on direct contact but are meant to stimulate movement (or simply cause intense pain when they're used as torture devices).