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For more information, contact Lt. Zach Perron at Zachary.Perron@CityofPaloAlto.org. For information about the National Institute of Justice Sensor, Surveillance and Biometric technologies program, contact Mark Greene at Mark.Greene2@usdoj.gov.

Where once investigators were relegated to using cameras and video at crime scenes and crash sites, they’re now able to use drones to reconstruct the scene with multiple angles and three-dimensional models.This overview helps officers map the entire scene and collect evidence they may have otherwise missed, and performs this task in a fraction of the time.

Palo Alto is in the San Francisco Bay area. The departmwent has 90 officers serving a population of about 66,000. The majority of offenses involve property crime such as burglary.

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The officer uses a touch screen to choose which camera view to display on his monitor. Also, the system provides automatic wireless uploads of data.

There have been instances where suspects flee from open windows or back doors, discarding evidence or identifiable clothing along the way. Without the drone, suspects would be difficult to pursue effectively and safely. With aerial surveillance of the scene, officers suspects and quickly collect any discarded weapons or drugs.

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“Those four exterior view cameras provide a 270-degree view around the police car,” Perron says. “The fifth camera keeps an eye on the back seat prisoner. There’s no system of which I’m aware that provides any higher amount of coverage than this one.”

As for system cost, Perron says the $305,000 contract the agency signed covered 28 car systems and nine body-worn cameras, which the agency is currently field-testing.

“You need to purchase servers that can accommodate the massive amount of data. You need to have the infrastructure to retain that data according to state standards,” Perron explains. “We retain the event recordings for two years and potentially longer if it is evidence in a criminal case.”

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As budget and staffing pressures continue, and public concerns evolve, so must law enforcement agencies. Remotely piloted unmanned aircraft systems offer departments a cost effective solution to address these pressures, while improving officer and public safety.

Helicopters, for instance, cost around $5k -$10k per mission. A Skydio X2E costs just $20,561 for 3 whole years of Skydio Autonomy Enterprise. While you’re still likely to keep a helicopter in your department toolkit, adding drones is a helpful way to have overwatch on calls that would be too low-priority to deploy as expensive a resource as a helicopter .

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This number is ever increasing, not just due to the boosts from COVID relief funds, federal grants, military surplus transfers, and civil asset forfeitures, but because of their many advantageous uses on the force.

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“We’ve been so happy with this system. With the old system, the quality of audio was shoddy when you got a distance away from the car, and the video quality, while excellent by 2006 standards, was not up to contemporary standards. With the new system, the video is HD quality, crystal clear and the audio is a big improvement.”

If we take a look at just one state’s use of drone technology, we get a small glimpse into law enforcement’s use of drones.

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The benefits of drone use in law enforcement go far beyond their innumerable uses, force multiplication, and risk reduction, extending to cost savings and greater accountability for the department and community at large.

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“Anytime the ignition is on, the system is on and recording five channels of video to the buffer,” Perron says. “So if we need to, we can go back and carve out a piece of video from the past 40 hours.”

Instead of sending dozens of officers into a potentially dangerous situation for the public and the officers themselves – and to avoid further property damage during a chase – officers could deploy a drone.

“Officers don’t have to push a button, they just drive their car into the station and it uploads data to a secure encrypted server,” Perron says. “It knows the car is in the station because it is picking up a local wireless access point in the garage. With an older dashboard camera system, the data might have to be written to a DVD, and the officer has to transfer the data from the car to the station server. This system eliminates that step.”

For example, a business owner reported that his establishment had been burglarized overnight. Police were able to determine that a patrol car had passed by the business in the early morning hours and video from a side view camera showed a suspect vehicle in the parking lot, which helped with the investigation.

It’s easy to justify a drone program when you consider one fact alone: police work is evolving. With police departments facing officer shortages, budget cuts, and a more technologically advanced public, evolution is a necessity to promote community safety.

By showing how drones are used by police– especially if every uniformed officer were to have a drone in their patrol vehicle – you’ll be able to justify funding for your drone program.

The advantage extends to searches for missing people, whether they’re suspects or not. Some areas are challenging to search due to the terrain, conditions, brush density, and other factors.

Even without large and volatile situations, small infractions in an event are often hard to manage. UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) have the ability to monitor large areas at once.

One camera faces out the front windshield like a traditional dashboard camera, while another one faces out the back. Two cameras are mounted on the sides of the car and are built into the light bar if the car has one.

While departments may use seizure funds, grants, and military surplus to fill out the gaps in their ranks and be prepared for every type of situation, there is room for operational and budgetary efficiency.

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Law enforcement drones are capable of going inside and between buildings, operating in tight and hard to reach areas. For instance, if a suspect were hiding down an alley and behind dumpsters, you could send a drone ahead to capture an aerial view of the situation before sending a team around the corner.

All of the police department’s 26 cars are equipped with the system, which has five separate cameras that provide high-definition video and high fidelity audio, according to Lt. Zach Perron, police public affairs manager. The department finished outfitting its entire fleet in November 2014.

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Drones are capable of searching wide areas using thermal imaging, quickly finding missing citizens even in the harshest areas. As was seen in this search for a missing man separated from his family and stuck chest deep in marshlands.

Drones offer the opportunity to meet all of those demands and pressures, while improving operational and departmental efficiency, increasing officer safety, and reducing costs.

The drone would identify license plates and individuals at a safe distance, and officers can make arrests, issue tickets, and impound vehicles later.

The purpose of the camera system is to help preserve an independent, objective record of what the officer encounters. The recordings are used as evidence in court, and can also be used to increase accountability by monitoring officer activity.

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Most towns and cities need more boots on the ground. Yet, it’s harder today to find new recruits, takes a lot of time to get them on the force, and costs the department far more.

Having the manpower to properly secure an event isn’t always easy, and can pose significant costs to the city. It can also be incredibly dangerous, as witnessed at events such as the Boston Marathon and the Las Vegas shooting at Harvest Music Festival.

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A multiple-camera video system installed on Palo Alto police cruisers provides officers with a broad view of activity surrounding the vehicle.

“Once we push record it keeps that event recording and stores it separately, apart from the 40-hour buffer. It moves to a separate pool of data. The 40-hour buffer is to keep anything that might have happened that we did not know was happening at the time,” Perron explains.

Where once investigators were relegated to using cameras and video at crime scenes and crash sites, they’re now able to use drones to reconstruct the scene with multiple angles and three-dimensional models.

“It’s great. Our old system from 2006 only had two cameras, the front windshield and a backseat camera, but the audio on that one was basically the line of site of the patrol car, so once you got a block away it was no good,” Perron says. “The audio on this new system is fantastic, so you can be around the corner, have trees in the way, and the quality of the audio is good, so when what is happening is not on camera, you can still hear what the officer is saying and what the member of the public is saying.”

While those are all exceptional employments, the uses for drones in law enforcement aren’t limited. Consider the following applications.

But they’re not just useful in coordinated events. The Bay Area is increasingly facing the issue of illegal sideshows, in which large gatherings of people use their vehicles to block intersections and take areas of the city hostage at night.

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The officer wears a microphone that looks like a pager on his belt, which transmits audio back to the car even if the officer is out of view.

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When an officer deploys a drone, they’re able to act as several officers, providing overwatch and surveillance where they might otherwise have to wait for air support or more officers to fulfill those roles.

If a suspect runs through a building, down an alley, over a fence, and into the woods, officers will have a harder time apprehending them.

“The audio and video protects our personnel against frivolous complaints and protects the public against impropriety from an officer,” Perron says.

The system also has the capability to live stream video from the car to a command station, which Perron says would help with situational awareness and officer safety during an incident. The department is waiting to use that feature until a use policy is worked out.

“We’ve been using dashcam video since 2006 so our policy did not change that much with a new system, but an agency going from nothing to this has to ensure management and union are on the same page as to mandatory recording policy,” he says.

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All five cameras automatically record video as soon as the car is turned on, and can capture up to 40 hours of video. Audio is activated when the officer pushes an event record button, such as during a traffic stop or other event. However, often the system will automatically go into event mode without the officer pushing a button, because it is preset to activate when the red lights on top of the car are on, or when the car goes over 80 miles per hour. Event mode will also be triggered if the police car is involved in an accident, or if either back door of the vehicle is opened for a prisoner.