The European Union (EU) has introduced measures to prevent or reduce air, water and soil pollution caused by the incineration or co-incineration of waste, as well as the resulting risk to human health. These measures specifically require a permit be obtained for incineration and co-incineration plants, and emission limits for certain pollutants released to air or to water.

Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste [See amending act(s)].

Combustion

Consider a scenario where a person is shot with a TASER but the probes land about 10cm apart on the arm and shoulder. The arm would be affected by NMI, but the person would still be able to move around and use their other arm. If that person was armed with a knife or a gun they would still be a threat.

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Edit: this police BWC video shows how even an “effective” TASER deployment sometimes does not stop the threat. Have a watch and put yourself in the shoes of the officers at this incident. Warning, graphic: https://youtu.be/5s8oFOykyIo

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When a TASER is fired, two wires with metal probes on the end are discharged and travel through the air from the device in the direction which it is aimed. An electrical current is sent through the wires, and if both probes have landed on something conductive (like a person), an electrical circuit is formed. This closed electrical circuit means that electricity can flow between the two probes, which will cause the muscles in the area between the probes to lock up and become unresponsive. This is called Neural Muscular Incapacitation (NMI). The TASER will automatically stop the electrical current after 5 seconds, or earlier if it is deactivated.

Incineration and co-incineration plants must have a permit which authorises them to discharge used water caused by exhaust-gas clean-up. This permit will ensure that the emission limit values set out in Annex IV to the Directive are complied with.

Wasteincinerationplant

Applications for new permits must be made accessible to the public so that the latter may comment before the competent authority reaches a decision.

By 31 December 2008, the Commission must report to Parliament and the Council on the application of the Directive, progress achieved in emission control techniques and experience with waste management. This report has been included in the Communication COM(2007) 843 final.

Commission Decision 2006/329/EC of 20 February 2006 laying down a questionnaire to be used for reporting on the implementation of Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste [Official Journal L 121 of 06.05.2006].

Incineration or co-incineration residues must be reduced to a minimum and, as far as possible, recycled. When dry residues are transported, precautions must be taken to prevent their dispersal in the environment. Tests must be carried out to establish the physical and chemical characteristics, and polluting potential, of residues.

Wasteincineration

Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) [Official Journal L 334 of 17.12.2010].

Zero Waste

Experimental plants which aim to improve the incineration process and which treat less than 50 tonnes of waste are excluded from the scope of the Directive, as are plants which only treat:

Incineration of both hazardous and harmless wastes may cause emissions of substances which pollute the air, water and soil and have harmful effects on human health. In order to limit these risks, the European Union (EU) shall impose strict operating conditions and technical requirements on waste incineration plants * and waste co-incineration plants *.

These probes are aligned vertically, so the top probe travels through the air in a (relatively) straight line, while the bottom probe points downwards slightly (about an 8 degree angle), so it travels through the air towards the ground. The distance between the two probes when they strike their target is called a spread, and the greater the spread between the probes, the more NMI is achieved, and the more effective the TASER deployment is.

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incineration中文

The Directive requires the installation of measurement systems to monitor the parameters of an installation and relevant emissions. Emissions to air and to water must be measured continuously or periodically in accordance with Article 11 and Annex III of the Directive.

The effective usage of a TASER is limited by a number of factors. These wires are 35 feet in length, so they have a maximum range of just over 10m. In fact, the optimal range of a TASER X26P is about 2-3 meters. Remember how the bottom probe is pointed slightly downwards? When fired from about 3m away, the probes will have separated enough that they are about 30cm apart from each other when they hit the target. If the target is closer than 2-3 meters, the probes will be too close together for the spread to cause NMI in enough muscles for it to be effective.

Treatment of solid waste

Incinerator

This Directive aims to integrate into existing legislation technical progress in terms of monitoring emissions from incineration processes and to ensure compliance with the international commitments made by the Community with regard to reducing pollution, specifically concerning the setting of emissions limit values for dioxides, mercury and dust produced by waste incineration. The Directive is based on an integrated approach: limits relating to water discharges have been introduced alongside value limits set for emissions into air.

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The determining of limit values for co-incineration plant emissions to air is set out in Annex II. In addition, special provisions are laid down relating to cement kilns and combustion plants which co-incinerate waste.

The successive amendments and corrections to Directive 2000/76/EC have been incorporated in the original text. This consolidated version is of documentary value only.

For plants with a nominal capacity of two tonnes or more per hour, the operator must provide the competent authority with an annual report on the functioning and monitoring of the plant, to be made available to the public. A list of plants with a nominal capacity of less than two tonnes per hour must be drawn up by the competent authority and made available to the public.

Landfill

Following a recent incident in Brisbane, this question is being asked a lot on local social media. Hopefully this post will help explain a few things about how a Taser works and why police do or don’t use them in certain situations.

So current police training is that when an offender is armed with an edged weapon, the appropriate use of force option to deal with the threat of death or grievous bodily harm is a firearm. Police will only use lethal force to deal with this threat when there are no other less than lethal options available to them, but in a situation when an armed offender is running towards an officer with a knife, shooting at the offender is the only effective way to reliably stop the threat.

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A 2019 report from the USA (https://www.npr.org/2019/06/27/729922975/despite-widespread-use-police-rate-tasers-as-less-effective-than-believed) shows that data from a number of police departments suggest that the effectiveness rate of a TASER in an operational environment is only between 54% and 79%. So when a police officer fires a TASER at a person who is threatening to kill them, there could be as little as a 54% chance that the TASER will actually be effective. And if it doesn’t, it’s almost certain that the officer will die.

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During delivery and reception of waste, the operator of the incineration plant or co-incineration plant shall take all necessary precautions to prevent or limit negative effects on the environment and risks to people.

Consider a situation when a person has armed themselves with a knife. Police are talking to the person, when all of a sudden the person raises the knife and runs at police in an attempt to stab the officers. A police officer fires a TASER, but only one probe strikes the person with the second falling harmlessly to the ground. The TASER deployment has been completely unsuccessful, and the officer has no time to reload and attempt to fire a second shot before the person has reached them. In this situation the officer has failed in their one and only attempt to stop the threat, and they will likely be killed.

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In order to guarantee complete waste combustion, the Directive requires all plants to keep the incineration or co-incineration gases at a temperature of at least 850°C for at least two seconds. If hazardous waste with a content of more than 1 % of halogenated organic substances, expressed as chlorine, is incinerated, the temperature has to be raised to 1 100 °C for at least two seconds.

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Another limitation of the TASER is the fact that both probes need to strike and remain embedded in the target for the device to work. If only one probe hits the target, then no electrical circuit is completed, and the device is useless. The TASER X26P is a single shot device, and while it does carry a spare cartridge, it is time consuming and requires the use of fine motor skills to reload. In a stressful situation the increased adrenaline levels cause us to lose our fine motor skills, making this task very difficult.

The limit values for incineration plant emissions to air are set out in Annex V to the Directive. They concern heavy metals, dioxins and furans, carbon monoxide (CO), dust, total organic carbon (TOC), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and the nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2).

All incineration or co-incineration plants must have a permit to carry out their activities. The permit will be issued by the competent authority on the condition that the requirements defined in this Directive are complied with. The permit specifies the categories and quantities of waste which may be treated, the plant's incineration or co-incineration capacity and the procedures for sampling and measuring air and water pollutants to be used.

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Furthermore, prior to accepting hazardous waste at the incineration plant or co-incineration plant, the operator of the plant must have at their disposal the administrative information on the generating process, the physical and chemical composition of the waste, as well as on the hazardous characteristics of the waste.