The major Indonesian islands are characterized by densely forested volcanic mountains in the interior that slope downward to coastal plains covered by thick alluvial swamps that, in turn, dissolve into shallow seas and coral reefs. Beneath this surface the unique and complex physical structure of Indonesia encompasses the junction of three major sections of the Earth’s crust and involves a complicated series of shelves, volcanic mountain chains, and deep-sea trenches. The island of Borneo and the island arc that includes Sumatra, Java, Bali, and the Lesser Sunda chain sit on the Sunda Shelf, a southward extension of the continental mass of Asia. The shelf is bounded on the south and west by deep-sea trenches, such as the Java Trench (about 24,440 feet [7,450 metres] deep at its lowest point), which form the true continental boundary. New Guinea and its adjacent islands, possibly including the island of Halmahera, sit on the Sahul Shelf, which is a northwestern extension of the Australian continental mass; the shelf is bounded to the northeast by a series of oceanic troughs and to the northwest by troughs, a chain of coral reefs, and a series of submarine ridges. The third major unit of the Earth’s crust in Indonesia is an extension of the belt of mountains that forms Japan and the Philippines; the mountains run southward between Borneo and New Guinea and include a series of volcanoes and deep-sea trenches on and around Celebes and the Moluccas.

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During the Nelson Creek Fire in Walker County, Texas, data relayed from drones for firefighting alerted crews to hotspots in the form of fallen trees with trapped heat, allowing crews to swiftly and safely douse the flames.

Drones for firefighting have been deployed to assist controlled burning operations where they drop small incendiary balls to ignite the canopy. One drone can cover up to 4,300 acres in eight hours, and each drone can be reloaded in five minutes. Aerial ignition class is now offered as part of the National Interagency UAS Training Program.

Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia, with a maximum dimension from east to west of about 3,200 miles (5,100 km) and an extent from north to south of 1,100 miles (1,800 km). It shares a border with Malaysia in the northern part of Borneo and with Papua New Guinea in the centre of New Guinea. Indonesia is composed of some 17,500 islands, of which more than 7,000 are uninhabited. Almost three-fourths of Indonesia’s area is embraced by Sumatra, Kalimantan, and western New Guinea; Celebes, Java, and the Moluccas account for most of the country’s remaining area.

With a fire department drone, crews can immediately gain a bird's-eye view when arriving on a fire scene, providing significant data and aerial intelligence prior to a fire attack and adding to an IC's situational awareness. Aside from assessing an incident, intelligence from above can also relay potential dangers, obstructions and trouble areas for crews on the ground.

By helping with fire prediction, detection and training, a fire department drone can assist with firefighting before a fire engine even leaves the station.

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Indonesia, country located off the coast of mainland Southeast Asia in the Indian and Pacific oceans. The most populous country in Southeast Asia and the fourth most populous in the world, Indonesia is situated on an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of Earth’s circumference. Its islands can be grouped into the Greater Sunda Islands of Sumatra (Sumatera), Java (Jawa), the southern extent of Borneo (Kalimantan), and Celebes (Sulawesi); the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara) of Bali and a chain of islands that runs eastward through Timor; the Moluccas (Maluku) between Celebes and the island of New Guinea; and the western extent of New Guinea (generally known as Papua). The capital, Jakarta, is located near the northwestern coast of Java.

The outer (southern) side of the chain of islands from Sumatra through Java and the Lesser Sundas forms the leading edge of the Southeast Asian landmass. It is characterized by active volcanoes, bounded to the south and west by a series of deep-sea trenches. On the inner (northern) side of the islands the volcanic mountains grade into swamps, lowlands, and the shallow Java Sea. This sheltered sea was formed at the close of the Pleistocene Epoch (about 12,000 years ago), and there is evidence of former land bridges, which facilitated the migration of plants and animals from the Asian continent.

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In some instances, drones can deliver resources to victims, for instance the delivery of medications or water, as they wait for responding crews to reach them. The South Haven Area Emergency Services uses a drone to drop a CO2-charged, water activated flotation device to swimmers struggling in Lake Michigan.

The use of drones for firefighting extends beyond enhancing situational awareness to all stages of emergency response, including:

High-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data can assess a fire's impact down to an individual tree level, which can help create more detailed management plans. Drones can map fire scar impacts and can help predict landslides and flooding issues.

Fire departments, along with other public safety agencies across the country, are taking on the challenge of determining the right level of response to an emergency with the use of drones. In 2020, firefighters in the U.S. responded to more than 36 million calls for all types of incidents. And for every call, incident commanders (ICs) sought to protect lives and property and keep their crews safe while facing situations where they had an incomplete or imperfect view of the scene.

Researchers have begun using drones to collect near real-time data for artificial intelligence (AI)-based platforms to model forest fire prediction and progression and detect fires. These platforms can help fire departments make faster decisions about resource allocation. Examples include:

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A fire department drone can assist with training by recording responses to emergency scenarios, which can be reviewed later to highlight areas for improvement, alternative techniques and best practices.

In the wake of the deadly Camp Fire blaze that torched the town of Paradise, California, a fleet of drones, with the support of emergency responder agencies and local officials, flew 518 mapping missions and began cataloging the damage and sending the data to officials on the ground. Within two days, the drones had collected over 70,000 images as well as video and 360 panoramas.

The relation between these three landmasses is not clearly understood. The present land-sea formations are somewhat misleading because the seas that lie on the Sunda and Sahul shelves are shallow and of geologically recent origin; they rest on the continental mass rather than on a true ocean floor. The Sunda Shelf in the vicinity of the Java Sea has relatively low relief, contains several coral reefs, and is not volcanic. The mountain system that stretches along the South China and Celebes seas of this shelf and that marks the outer edge of the continental mass of Asia, however, is an area of strong relief and is one of the most active volcanic zones in the world.

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Modern firefighting isn't just about putting out fires; crews now have access to intelligent tools to navigate fire scenes more safely and with more precision than in decades past. Data from a fire department drone allows ICs to make more informed decisions about a fire attack, search and rescue tactics, and disaster relief.

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Indonesia was formerly known as the Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies). Although Indonesia did not become the country’s official name until the time of independence, the name was used as early as 1884 by a German geographer; it is thought to derive from the Greek indos, meaning “India,” and nesos, meaning “island.” After a period of occupation by the Japanese (1942–45) during World War II, Indonesia declared its independence from the Netherlands in 1945. Its struggle for independence, however, continued until 1949, when the Dutch officially recognized Indonesian sovereignty. It was not until the United Nations (UN) acknowledged the western segment of New Guinea as part of Indonesia in 1969 that the country took on its present form. The former Portuguese territory of East Timor (Timor-Leste) was incorporated into Indonesia in 1976. Following a UN-organized referendum in 1999, however, East Timor declared its independence and became fully sovereign in 2002.

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Drones are cheaper than airplanes and helicopters traditionally used to survey wildfires. They can also be used in situations where pilots and crew would be at risk, particularly important given about a quarter of all wildland firefighter fatalities are related to aviation.

One of the most well-known uses of drones for firefighting operations is in search and rescue responses. Drones equipped with spotlights, thermal sensors, speakers, HD cameras and other technical advancements allow crews to expand their search range and investigate areas that would be difficult for them to traverse on foot.

During the Big Hollow Fire in Washington, Verizon received special permission from the Federal Aviation Administration to deploy a drone connected over 4G LTE to monitor communications infrastructure in an area where air quality was unsafe for humans.

Drones can be used to survey a fire's damage, particularly in situations where the scene remains dangerous to first responders and residents.

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Drones can also spread seeds in wildfire-damaged areas to restore forests to their pre-fire state which can help reduce further impacts, such as erosion and mudslides. Land managers using drones can help accelerate reforestation six times faster than by hand planting.

Tethered drones with cell service capabilities can be deployed during fires and other emergency situations where service may have been impaired to ensure first responders and others retain cellular coverage. Drones can provide coverage for an approximate five to seven-mile radius and can fly for up to 1,000 hours.

But without a reliable and rapid network connection, life-saving data may be delayed or unavailable to crews on the ground. For crews to take advantage of the expanded intelligence drones for firefighting, ICs need a reliable network connection.

Drones can provide data to leadership on the ground to assist with situational awareness, giving them the confidence to make decisions about fire ground operations and firefighters' movements. Drones can offer an expanded view of the scene, locate hotspots and search and rescue victims, and deliver supplies across rough terrain that would be difficult for crews on foot.

This data was used to create detailed maps of Paradise's remains, which were then released to the public online, allowing residents to visually see their homes before the area was determined to be safe.

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Drones for firefighting can also use thermal imaging technology during search and rescue operations, allowing crews to locate victims faster without putting crews at risk, particularly when the search area includes difficult terrain.

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In urban environments, such as New York City, both tethered and untethered drones can provide an aerial perspective quicker than traditional ground and extended pole cameras. Tethered drones can mitigate the challenges public safety drone programs can face in urban settings, such as radio frequency interference, tall dense buildings, congested airspace, ground congestion and privacy concerns.

The Indonesian archipelago represents one of the most unusual areas in the world: it encompasses a major juncture of Earth’s tectonic plates, spans two faunal realms, and has for millennia served as a nexus of the peoples and cultures of Oceania and mainland Asia. These factors have created a highly diverse environment and society that sometimes seem united only by susceptibility to seismic and volcanic activity, close proximity to the sea, and a moist, tropical climate. Nevertheless, a centralized government and a common language have provided Indonesia with some sense of unity. Furthermore, in keeping with its role as an economic and cultural crossroads, the country is active in numerous international trade and security organizations, such as ASEAN, OPEC, and the UN.

Thermal imaging cameras can identify heat signatures, making them a valuable tool for fire crews searching a burning structure. With a fire department drone, crews can use thermal imaging without risking their lives or safety. Drones can fly above, around and inside structures, identifying hot spots or trapped individuals.

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