After elimination and substitution, well -designed and maintained engineering controls are the preferred methods of controlling worker exposure to hazardous contaminants in the air. These control methods include:

Respiratory hazards can include airborne contaminants such as biological contaminants, dusts, mists, fumes, and gases, or oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Note that more than one respiratory hazard can be present at the same time.

Responsible transport employers will value this information and investigate your concern thoroughly. Dangerous driving behaviour – for drivers of all vehicles – should always be reported to the police. If there’s a passenger in the car, and it’s safe to do so, get them to note the number plate on the truck (preferable) or the trailer.

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Drivers being overtaken on two lane roads are required not to increase their speed until overtaking is complete and there is enough distance in front to avoid a collision.

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On some freeways trucks over 4.5 tonnes GVM are restricted from the right lane. ‘No Truck’ signs on the freeway and at entry points indicate this restriction. On these roads, trucks are unable to legally use the right lane to overtake slower moving vehicles. Therefore, rather than driving in the centre lane, it’s courteous to keep left when practical to give trucks free passage past your vehicle.

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There are too many types of situations to cover them all fully here. However, the following questions represent part of "decision logic" that a safety professional or occupational hygienist can use when selecting a respirator:

Nearly all truck drivers, like car drivers, are law abiding and share the road safely. However, if you see a truck driver doing the wrong thing and there’s a sign on the back of the truck showing a company number to call, consider asking a passenger to note it down and telephone when safe to do so.

Gas cylinders should be stored in fireproof cabinets indoors or in suitable containers or screened rooms outdoors.

Trucks displaying a 'do not overtake turning vehicle' sign need extra room to make sharp turns. Drivers must not drive past or overtake to the left of a vehicle displaying this sign if it is indicating to turn left, unless it is safe to do so. This also applies to a vehicle turning right or doing a U-turn from the centre of the road. In practice, this means hanging back even if it looks like the left or right turn lane is vacant – the gap will close quickly once the truck starts its turn.

Air-purifying respirators can remove contaminants in the air that you breathe by filtering out particulates (such as dusts, metal fumes, mists, etc.). Other APRs purify air by adsorbing gases or vapours on a sorbent (adsorbing material) in a cartridge or canister. They are tight-fitting and are available in several forms:

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Workers should use respirators for protection from contaminants in the air if other hazard control methods are not practical or possible under the circumstances. Respirators should not be the first choice for respiratory protection in workplaces. They should only be used:

Passengers must obey rules too – they can’t cross the road to get on a tram until the tram has stopped at the tram stop, and when getting off a tram, they must cross to the nearest footpath. Learn more by watching our instructional video.

The summaries RACV provide on Victorian road rules are based on the Victorian Road Safety Road Rules 2017. We make sure to reference the exact rule where possible. When reading, keep in mind that we’re providing general information, not legal advice. If you’re looking for specific questions on any legal matter, consult with a lawyer for help.

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To determine IDLH level of a contaminant, consult the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards or NIOSH's Table of IDLH values.

There are also combination air-purifying and atmosphere supplying respirators. These devices will offer worker protection if the supplied-air system fails when the appropriate air-purifier units are selected. These respirators cannot be used in oxygen-deficient areas or where the air concentration of a contaminant exceeds the IDLH level.

Choosing a respirator is a complicated matter. Experienced safety professionals or occupational hygienists who are familiar with the actual workplace environment are the staff who should select the proper respirator. They can choose a suitable respirator only after they have evaluated all relevant factors. This decision includes considering the limitations of each class of respirator.

There are some combinations of air line respirators and SCBAs that allow workers to work for extended periods in oxygen-deficient areas or where there are airborne toxic contaminants. The auxiliary or backup SCBA source allows the worker to escape with an emergency source of air if the airline source fails.

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Drivers must not move into the path of an approaching tram with a broken or continuous yellow line parallel to the tracks. If you’re travelling on tram tracks and a tram is approaching, you must move out of the lane as soon as you can do so safely.

Filters are made of material that is designed to trap particles as you breathe. Cartridges contain a material that absorbs gases and vapours. It is very important to make sure you are using the right filter or cartridge for the chemicals or substances present in the workplace.

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Without a complete respiratory protection program, workers may not receive the best protection from a respirator even if it is the correct choice for a specific job. A respiratory protection program includes several components such as:

A qualified healthcare professional should examine the medical and psychological fitness of workers. This evaluation should be done before they are assigned to work in areas where respirators may be required. The workers must be physically fit to carry out the work while wearing respiratory equipment. They must also be psychologically comfortable (such as not have fears or be claustrophobic) about wearing respirators.

Some types of atmospheres place the worker in immediate danger because the concentrations of hazardous contaminant would impair the ability to leave the work area (self-rescue) or potentially cause irreversible health effects, serious injury, or death in a matter of minutes.

Parked on the street? Be careful when you’re opening your car door. Drivers must not cause a hazard to a cyclist or any other road user by getting in or out of a vehicle.

A loaded truck may weigh up to 50 times that of a passenger car and needs a longer distance to stop safely. By cutting in front of a stopped truck to get ahead, you might not be leaving the truck driver enough room to avoid a rear-end crash.

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It’s illegal to drive over a raised dividing strip. When driving through a break in the dividing strip you must give way to any tram or vehicle travelling on the part of the road you’re entering.

Our section on motorcycles provides an overview of the key road rules for riders to be aware of, but as a driver sharing the road, here are the key things to keep in mind:

When using headlights on high beam, extra care is needed to avoid glare to truck drivers. Truck mirrors are large and don’t have anti-glare positions, so dip your lights as required by law, no closer than 200 metres to a moving vehicle, or further away if it’s safe to do so.

Administrative controls are generally most effective when combined with other control measures. Administrative controls limit workers' exposures by scheduling reduced work times in contaminated areas or by implementing other such work rules. These control measures have many limitations because the hazard is not removed.

Contact the government department responsible for health and safety in your jurisdiction to find out additional information on regulatory requirements for respiratory protection.

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Get covered on the basics of PPE, including practical tips for safe use, PPE programs, limitations and legal responsibilities.

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Private vehicles must have at least the same number of occupants (including the driver) as displayed on the sign. For example if the transit lane is signed as ‘T2’, the driver must be carrying at least one passenger, while for ‘T3’ lanes there must be at least two passengers plus the driver. The Road Rules don’t state any minimum age requirements for passengers, therefore you can travel in a transit lane if you have a child in the vehicle.

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By allowing buses just a few seconds of extra courtesy on the road, you’re doing your part to help passengers reach their connecting bus or train without delays.

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You’re not allowed to drive in or across a tram lane when it’s operating – but there’s an exception to the rule. A driver can drive in a tram lane for up to 50 metres, when turning right or avoiding an obstruction provided trams aren’t delayed.

A hazard control program consists of all steps necessary to protect workers from exposure to a hazardous substance, the training and procedures required to monitor workers' health and exposure to hazards such as chemicals, materials, or substances, or other types of hazards such as noise and vibration. A written workplace hazard control program should outline which methods are being used to control the exposure and how these controls will be monitored for effectiveness.

Workers with beards, long sideburns, or even stubble may not wear respirators because the hair breaks the seal between the skin and the respirator mask. Wearing eyeglasses could also break the respirator seal. This break means that the respirator mask will "leak" and will not provide the needed respiratory protection. Also, if a worker has facial scars or acne, the facial skin may not be able to form a good seal with a respirator mask.

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No matter what your mode of transport, respect and courtesy are important factors in keeping our roads safe. Here, we summarise key rules around safety zones, giving way and checking for hazards. Learn more about the most important rules to be aware of when travelling around cyclists, what you need to do to keep tram passengers and other road users safe, as well as the key things you need to keep in mind when driving near trucks.

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You must not drive in a tramway unless avoiding an obstruction and provided you don’t move into the path of an approaching tram.

These painted areas are provided as a safe spot for bike riders to wait at some signalised intersections. Where these exist, drivers must leave these sections clear for riders.

A safety zone is a platform or marked area on a road which separates vehicles from trams for the protection of pedestrians boarding or leaving trams. You must not drive on a tram safety zone.

Transit lanes are in operation throughout Melbourne, including Hoddle Street, Eastern Freeway, CityLink, Tullamarine Freeway and on some freeway entry ramps such as the Warrigal Road ramp onto the Monash Freeway.

Since filters capture particles, caution must be exercised to always check that these filters are not clogged as it makes it harder for air to pass through. Cartridges can also become "full" or saturated.  They will stop working and "breakthrough" will occur – this term means that the gases or vapours will leak through the cartridge. Both cartridges and filters must be replaced on a regular basis by using the manufacturer's recommendations (usually determined by using warning properties or end-of-service indicators).

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Supplied air respirators can be divided into demand-type (where air only flows into the facepiece as needed by the user), pressure-demand (which maintains a positive pressure in the facepiece), and continuous flow (for escape only). Additionally, SCBAs can be open circuit (where air is not recycled) or closed circuit (where air is recycled). Demand-type open circuit SCBAs are not suitable for IDLH environments.

There are different classes of particulate filters, depending on the particulate material. They are also classified based on levels of oil resistance and filter efficiency. Oil can break down certain types of filters which means it is important to know the materials you are working with at all times and always select the right cartridge for your respirator.

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Use the safety data sheet (SDS) for guidance on the requirements of the particular respiratory hazard. The CSA Standard Z94.4 Selection, Use and Care of Respirators outlines a respirator selection decision logic model in more detail.

Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy, currency and completeness of the information, CCOHS does not guarantee, warrant, represent or undertake that the information provided is correct, accurate or current. CCOHS is not liable for any loss, claim, or demand arising directly or indirectly from any use or reliance upon the information.

Employers should have a written respiratory protection program that describes the proper procedures for selecting and operating respiratory protective equipment. The correct use of a respirator is just as important as selecting the proper respirator. The respiratory protection program must also address how to find out what hazards are present, how much protection the workers will need, and describe how to wear and care for the respirator.

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Supplied-air respirators may have either tight-fitting or loose-fitting respiratory inlets. Respirators with tight-fitting respiratory inlets have half or full facepieces. Types with loose-fitting respiratory inlets can be hoods or helmets that cover the head and neck, or loose-fitting facepieces with rubber or fabric side shields. These respirators are supplied with air through airlines.

When following trucks, make sure there’s a sufficient gap to stop safely to avoid a collision. This also helps the truck driver to be aware of your position. If you can’t see the truck mirrors, the truck driver can’t see you.

When a bicycle lane is provided on a road in their direction of travel, cyclists must ride in the bike lane unless it’s impracticable to do so. Drivers can only drive in a bike lane for up to 50 metres to:

It’s important to remember that larger vehicles handle differently to cars and their drivers have a different field of vision. There are several road rules specifically designed to account for this:

Supplied-air respirators (SARs) supply clean air from a compressed air tank or through an air line. This air is not from the work room area. The air supplied in tanks or from compressors must meet certain standards for purity and moisture content (such as CSA Standard Z180.1 Compressed Breathing Air and Systems).