In this incident, the tanker was overloaded by 4 tonnes. Equally, the driver had been instructed to take this minor road, rather than take the A7 motorway which ran parallel to it, to avoid paying the obligatory road toll.

Class3 flammableliquids transportation

On 11th July 1978 in Alcanar, near Tarragona, Spain, a tanker carrying 23 tonnes of highly flammable liquefied propylene was involved in a road traffic accident on the N-340, 2 km south of the town of Sant Carles de la Ràpita. The accident resulted in an explosion as the tanker passed alongside the nearby seaside campsite of Los Alfaques, which was packed with holidaymakers.

As each atom changes, they emit invisible radiation that may cause chemical or biological change-ionising radiation.  This can damage the body in some way or other, depending on the type of radiation, and the duration of the exposure.

Class3 Flammable LiquidPlacard

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On 4th January 1966 at a refinery near the town of Feyzin, 10 kilometres (6 miles) south of Lyon, France, an LPG spill occurred when an operator who was draining water from a 1,200 m³ pressurised propane tank dropped the spanner through a grating and could not retrieve it. As a result, he was unable to shut off the valve and the resultant cloud that emanated from the tank once the water was exhausted and the liquid propane drained out, turned to vapour and spread out from the tank.

The packages must be declared as radioactive on the declaration, but they do not need to be labelled.  In default of other hazardous properties, they can be carried as ordinary goods.

Flammable liquid sign meaning

Ionising radiation is generally dangerous to the human body, depending on the type of radiation, the dose and the duration of the exposure.

Division 4.3 goods react with water, either as a liquid or as vapour, and generate flammable gas.  This can be ignited by the heat of the reaction.  They must be kept in watertight containers, hermetically sealed to avoid the entry of moisture or water vapour

Flammable liquid 3examples

Some radioactive materials may also have other hazardous properties, and packages may, therefore, carry other UN warning signs to indicate subsidiary risks.

Class3 flammable liquidstorage requirements

Unfortunately, as is the case in everything we do, we can add one unreliable ingredient into the mix, humans (see Feyzin and Los Alfaques Disasters below).

Common alkalis are sodium and potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide. These are very corrosive to skin, eyes and mucous membranes.  Alkalis neutralise acids, but the reaction may be strong and create a lot of heat very rapidly.  This can cause the water in the solution to flash off to steam violently, throwing the material aside in a dangerous fashion.

Class 9 covers substances and articles which during carriage, present a danger not covered by the heading of other classes.

These also include hazardous substances and wastes, such as environmentally hazardous substances, miscellaneous articles and substances that are transported at elevated temperatures such as tar (bitumen) and also some foodstuffs

Flammable liquid 3 sign meaningAustralia

Dangerous goods must be classified in accordance with the requirements in ADR and assigned a UN (United Nations) number, name, description and packing group (where appropriate) as indicated in the Dangerous Goods list in ADR. They are therefore assigned to different classes depending on their predominant hazard which can be seen below.

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The molecule contains structures containing carbon (organic) linked by a double oxygen bond (peroxide).  Thus the fuel and the oxygen are together in the same molecule, making them even more liable to ignition than a separate combustible material.

The regulations are split into 9 Parts or Chapters and margined for reference. In October 1992, the ADR regulations were reformatted to a more user-friendly format. The books are in 2 volumes of approximately 1200 pages. These books have corrigenda issued to them regularly and are reprinted/updated every 2 Years.

The toxics range in power from those which kill in minutes, e.g. the cyanides, to those which would injure but not necessarily kill, so long as the dose was not excessive, e.g. the chlorinated hydrocarbons toxics in Class 6.1 can be in solid or liquid form.

Radioactive packages are perfectly safe to handle and transport because the packaging acts as a shield.  They will not create any health hazard for transport workers.  However, the rule is to keep any dose of ionising radiation to a minimum.  The dose, in turn, depends on:

Class3 flammable liquidflash point

Such products have properties that cannot be included elsewhere in the UN Class system, or which have a number of disconnected dangers crossing two or more Class boundaries.

But some, of the permanent gases, will only liquefy if they are also refrigerated down to very low (critical) temperatures, e.g. as low as - 269° C for liquid helium.

Some oxidisers can be explosive if heated strongly, particularly in the presence of carbon.  Ammonium nitrate mixed with hydrocarbon oil, e.g. diesel, becomes a powerful explosive, much used in the extractive industries, and by terrorists.

There are other products that would similarly fall within the list above, a further example which is not as common in the UK as it is in certain other European member states includes human waste, where cesspits from rural domestic dwellings require emptying and their contents transported elsewhere.

Shortly after, the cloud of vapour was ignited by the hot exhaust of a passing car on an adjoining road. Following the incident, the refinery and surrounding countryside resembled a war zone.

Some flammable liquids derive from petroleum, such as petrol and kerosene, whereas others are manufactured through natural or industrial processes such as alcohols.

Flammable liquid2sign meaning

Applying pressure to gases will reduce their volume, but if they turn to liquid under pressure, the volume is reduced much further several hundred times.  Some gases liquefy under pressure at normal temperatures, e.g. the liquefied petroleum gases chlorine, ammonia.

These include oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, neon, and argon.  Once liquefied, they have to be contained in special heavily insulated containers to prevent them from warming up.  The extreme cold clearly creates a danger if cold metal, etc. is accidentally touched without protection.  Also, an escape of very cold-gas creates a breathing danger, causing direct damage to the lungs, or to local oxygen starvation.

Each product is made with strong, impact-resistant polyurethane with steel reinforcement. This prevents bending and flexing while maintaining the detail, handling and balance of the actual weapon they represent.

The Class sign is unique in the UN system in that it gives no indication of the particular danger, which can only then be obtained from written information.

There are 6 divisions in Class 1, the divisions show how the explosives will react and behave when initiated. The items are also assigned one of 13 Compatibility Group letters, basically to indicate which types may travel safely with which.

These will burn easily, more so than ordinary combustible materials such as wood and paper.  The burning may be fierce and rapid, creating great heat.

The UN Model Regulations use a classification system in which each dangerous substance or article is assigned to a class depending upon the nature of the danger it presents. There are, as can be seen above, 9 Classes, some of which are sub-divided as detailed below.

Such fires may, therefore, break out and continue in confined spaces, e.g. inside cargo holds and once started may be difficult to extinguish.  Blanketing with powder or foam is useless, as the oxygen is already present in the agent underneath.

These are chemical poisons that can damage the human body, in whole or in part.  They must not be allowed to get inside the body, through swallowing, breathing in, or by absorption through the skin.

Hazardous Material includes a number of other products identified which may not be included in the above list of Classes 1 - 9. These are classified as "Obnoxious" and for the purposes of carriage would fall within Class 9. These include:

They often have to be maintained under refrigeration to keep them inactive, and then the temperature must be carefully controlled.  Otherwise, if they exceed a certain temperature specific to the material, they will start to decompose rapidly, similar to the self-reactive materials in Class 4.1, resulting in uncontrollable progress towards fire or explosion.

Division 4.2 goods are either solids or liquids. They will ignite spontaneously in contact with oxygen. They must be kept in airtight packages or as liquids under inert gas or liquid blanket. Pyrophoric materials will ignite within five minutes of coming into contact with air and are always assigned to Packing Group I. Other materials will ignite only when in large amounts and after long periods of time. These are in Packing Group II or III, depending on classification tests

Corrosives are placed in Packing Groups according to their ability to cause full thickness destruction of intact skin tissue within a certain observation period, starting after a certain exposure time, measured in minutes, hours, or days.

Explosives are declared as NEQ (Net Explosive Quantity) when described in the transport document, separate to the gross weight.

This active nature can obviously be very damaging to the body.  They work from outside the body by destroying the tissue, in the opposite way to the toxics, which works from inside the body on the various organs and life systems.

Division 6.2 goods contain pathogens, i.e. micro-organisms that cause infectious disease in humans or animals. They are graded for danger for transport into one of three groups, of which only the first two are considered dangerous for transport on infectious grounds.

The agents then supply the oxygen to keep them burning without any help from oxygen in the air, as is the case with normal combustion.

These two events confirm why there is a need for ADR and why safety in all modes of transport should be adhered to at all times – there can be NO short cuts.

There are two UN numbers in Class 9 for environmentally hazardous materials. UN 3077 Environmentally Hazardous Substance Solid N.O.S and UN 3082 Environmentally Hazardous Substance Liquid N.O.S.

The 'European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road', in French, the ‘Accord Dangerous Routier’, and from this point on known as ADR, was brought into force by the United Nations on 29th January 1968. This document has 2 Annexes; Annex A which defines the goods and their requirements for carriage, and Annex B which lays down the specifications and conditions of the vehicles performing the carriage.

These radioactive materials are materials containing unstable atoms that change their structure spontaneously in a random fashion over some time period.

Some 4.1 are desensitised explosives, e.g. wetted trinitrotoluene (TNT) which would otherwise be in Class 1.  Some are self-reactive, and are liable to break down chemically, if they get above a certain temperature, or are subjected to shock etc.

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Corrosives are described as either acids or alkalis. Acids react with metals which are generally strong and flexible, to produce salts, which can be fragile crystals that are soluble in water.  Inorganic acids include, carboxylic, acetic, formic, and benzoic, and fatty acids like oleic, palmitic, and stearic.

Because of their high oxygen content, these are often reactive materials.  They may react with other flammable or combustible materials, and the heat generated may start the latter burning.

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The following links will assist in obtaining further information on ADR and (in our view) should be considered definitive reading.

They are designed to be reactive for a number of industrial purposes, and may consequently be unstable, and sometimes explosive.  When they are first developed, they may be classified as either Class 1 or Class 5.2 generally depending on the intended end-use.  On the basis of their chemical structure alone, they could be considered as either.

Although explosives can behave in a violent way when suitably initiated, they are designed to be quite stable and insensitive under normal surface conditions.  This means that they can be handled and transported by land and sea quite safely, so long as they are not subjected to violent shock, as in a high-speed traffic accident, or worse, allowed to heat up in a fire.

These are highly reactive materials that produce positive chemical effects, resulting in changes in the affected materials.

The Sievert symbol, Sv is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.)

Gases are mostly carried under pressure to reduce their volume, and as a result, also save space in transport and storage. This pressure itself creates a danger if it is released suddenly.  The pressure never dissipates, unlike heat, which is transferred to or from the surroundings until a uniform temperature prevails.

Category A: Capable of causing permanent disability, life-threatening or fatal disease to humans or animals. These are assigned to UN 2814. Some examples being:

Vapours are created when some molecules in the liquid have sufficient energy and are moving with sufficient velocity to break clear of the surface into the air space above.  The warmer the liquid, the more molecules reach this energy and velocity level, and the faster the vapour is formed.