The four cornerstones constitute the crucial aspects of machine vision lighting to acquire the requisite contrasts. The four cornerstones are mentioned below:

Since historically machine vision lighting was the last aspect developed or funded, lighting solutions typically included the standard incandescent or fluorescent products. However, with time as the scope of machine vision applications widened, several lighting types like LEDs and techniques like machine vision backlight are emerging steadily.

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45–degree lighting is used for photographing the average item of evidence where the objective is to show the item’s shape and size.

A halogen lamp is typically a point source in combination with a reflector. It is preferred in industrial image processing when the areas to be illuminated are large like vehicle bodies, etc., or where a lot of light is required. These are not quite prevalent because they have high energy consumption, heat generation, and infrared emissions.

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Since most laboratory photography is made with steady burning lights (quartz lamps, photoflood lamps, fluorescent lamps, etc.) it is relatively easy to choose the best lighting method for photographing a specific item of evidence. All you need to do is try different lighting methods while looking in the camera’s viewfinder, and select the method that gives the best results. The following lighting methods are effective for photographing various evidence subjects.

Steve is the author of two books on crime scene and evidence photography, the text book Crime Scene and Evidence Photography and the Crime Scene and Evidence Photographer's Guide. The guide is a field handbook for crime scene and evidence photography, which sold over 10,000 copies and has been in use by investigators in more than 2,000 law enforcement agencies.

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For 34 years Steven Staggs was a forensic photography instructor and trained more than 4,000 crime scene technicians and investigators for police and sheriff departments, district attorney offices, and federal agencies. He was also a guest speaker for investigator associations, appeared as a crime scene investigation expert on Discovery Channel's Unsolved History, and provided consulting to law enforcement agencies.

Oblique lighting uses a light source positioned at a low angle. Oblique lighting is usually used to show detail by creating shadows on the surface of the evidence.

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Choosing the right machine vision lighting source is critical to the success of the application. There are four prominent types of illumination sources or types for machine vision lighting, which are the following:

It’s of critical importance to ensure that optimal rays are being collected by the lens while the suboptimal rays are not. The light that falls outside the lens’s field of view results in glare and reduced image contrasts. Some other challenges not caused by the light are changes in ambient light and synchronization between the lighting and the camera.

Laser lights represent high-intensity and focusable beams that can be imaged quite precisely, even over longer distances. The combination of lasers and image processing is used in a wide variety of operations like optical inspection of electronic components.

Also, mirrors and white or silver reflector cards can be used to reflect light into shadow areas when using the lighting methods described above. Other devices, such as small spot lights and fiber optic lighting, can be utilized to light small areas.

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45–degree lighting uses one or more lights positioned at 45–degree angles. If only one light is used, a white or silver reflector can be placed on the opposite side of the evidence to reflect some of the light back toward the evidence, reducing shadows.

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Lighting Methods for Copy and Evidence Close-up Photography  Copyright: © 2014 by Steven Staggs. Copyright for this article is retained by the author, with publication rights granted to the Crime Scene Investigation Network. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original work is properly cited and not changed in any way.

Also known as ‘Neon light’, they are based on the concept of discharge tubes. These too, are used quite rarely, to illuminate large areas in industrial machine vision applications. They should always be used with an electronic ballast, to avoid flickering effects in images.

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No matter the level of machine vision illumination analysis, there is often no substitute for actual testing with multiple lighting types and techniques on the bench, and then actual floor implementation. This might help you arrive at an optimal lighting solution that fits in with the intended cost, efficiency, and application.

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Transmitted lighting uses light that shines through the evidence toward the camera’s lens. The background becomes shadow–free. The angle of the transmitted lighting can be adjusted from 90–degrees to 45–degrees for the desired effect.

Oblique lighting is commonly used when photographing impressions, tool marks and certain types of fingerprints. A very low oblique angle of lighting can be used to photograph dusty footwear impressions and indented writing.

Images with the wrong contrasts and uneven lighting mean much more effort and are a setback to productivity. It’s like grinding a car with clogged fuel injectors. If the quality and suitability of the machine vision lighting are neglected, cost overruns and delays are inevitable.

Steve retired in 2004 after 32 years in law enforcement, but continued to teach forensic photography and crime scene investigations at a university in Southern California. He is the President of Crime Scene Resources and Webmaster of the Crime Scene Investigator Network, the world's most popular Crime Scene Investigation and Forensic Science website (www.crime-scene-investigator.net).

Diffused lighting uses an opaque material placed between the light source and the subject to soften the light. This usually results in even lighting with reduced reflections and hot spots. The opaque material can be as simple as a section of a white bed sheet or an empty water bottle, or can be a commercial device designed for laboratory photography.

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Front directional lighting allows you to send light straight down onto the evidence. A clear piece of glass is placed between the subject and lens at a 45–degree angle. The light source is positioned parallel to the film plane and 45–degrees to the glass. While the light is transmitted through the glass, some is reflected downward directly on the subject.

The LED sources, owing to their wide range of benefits and high popularity, occupy a position above the other types of sources. Its vast range of benefits includes a longer life expectancy, mechanical resilience, durability, easy-to-control facilities, and miniature physical size. Since LED sources bring down the operational costs significantly, they are considered excellent value for money lighting sources. Its light color is not only limited to white but can also be red, green, blue, and even infrared and ultraviolet. LED products are ideal for lighting small products.

A ton of parameters needs to be fine-tuned to provide appropriate vision system lighting that meets the three acceptance criteria simultaneously. For more convenient comprehension, I have divided the challenges to picking the ideal machine vision illumination into two categories:

Bounce lighting uses light bounced off a white or reflective surface. The bounce surface may be positioned at different locations (above or to one side of the subject) to create the desired effect. This usually produces even non–glare lighting with low contrast.

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In direct reflective lighting the light is reflected directly off the subject into the lens. This is done by placing the subject at a 10–degree angle from the lens to film plane and placing the light source at a 10–degree angle from the subject. The light source reflects at a 20–degree angle into the lens.

Direct reflective lighting is used to minimize shadows within the evidence. However, this method creates very high contrast and does not show the dimensional shape or texture of the evidence. Also, the light source may need to be diffused to prevent hot spots.

A light’s age, its position, its temperature, and the stability of its power supply can directly impact the machine vision camera’s performance. Brightness is another critical factor. A low-light imaging setup will lead to increased computing cycles, reducing the vision system’s efficiency. The wavelength of the emitted light, its suitability, and interaction with the object is also to be adequate consideration while choosing the apt lighting for machine vision.

Steve has extensive experience in crime scene photography and identification. He has testified in superior court concerning his crime scene, evidence, and autopsy photography and has handled high profile cases including a nationally publicized serial homicide case.

The information presented in this article is from the book Crime Scene and Evidence Photography, 2nd Edition © 2014 by Steven Staggs.

Transmitted lighting is used for photographing transparent or translucent subjects. It is effective in photographing evidence such as a fingerprint on a drinking glass.

Over the last few decades since machine vision’s inception, several “canned” vision system lighting arrangements have been created that are appropriate for a vast range of applications and have been deployed in several industries. Nevertheless, for choosing the perfect lighting solution for your machine vision applications, it is essential to consider the application, appearance variables, specular issues as well as the effect of lighting sources and illumination techniques to achieve optimal image consistency. Scrutinizing over the following questions will help you acquire an apt machine vision lighting solution:

Acquiring the right machine vision lighting is often the difference between creating a robust, reliable application and one fraught with inefficiencies and challenges. Since machine vision systems don’t analyze the object itself, but its captured image, it is imperative that the vision system lighting used to inspect the object clearly defines the area of interest. The right machine vision illumination is a critical prerequisite in producing workable and reproducible images.

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Two or more of the lighting methods described above can be used together for lighting evidence. For example, when photographing a broken piece of glass you might use a combination of transmitted lighting and diffused 45–degree lighting.