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Lewis teamed up with other Fish and Game staff, including veterinarian Kimberlee Beckmen, research biologist Tom Lohuis and wildlife management biologists Neil Barten and Phil Mooney, to study the effect of Tasers on bears and moose.

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Elizabeth Manning is an outdoor writer and an educator with the Divison of Wildlife Conservation at the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. She lives in Anchorage.

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Can a taser kill you

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A quick note before we get into it: Taser is a brand name for a specific type of CEW. Put another way, all Tasers are stun guns, but not all stun guns are Tasers. Some of the research cited below involved stun guns, and not Tasers specifically.

But how and when Tasers should be used on wildlife remains an open question. Lewis said he holds hope that Tasers might be used on moose for short-term incapacitation. For example, he recently used his Taser gun on a moose that had a chicken feeder stuck on its head. The Taser immobilized the animal for long enough to allow another biologist to pop the feeder off its head without having to drug the animal.

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Working with Lohuis and Beckmen, Lewis studied the effects of Tasers on about a half dozen captive moose at the Moose Research Center in Soldotna. He is also working with Taser International to improve a design of the non-lethal weapon for use on wildlife.

Lewis said Tasers have been used safely on humans for many years and are considered a “non-lethal” weapon. They work by zapping a person or animal with high voltage but low amperage electricity, much like an electric fence. That zap causes involuntary muscle contractions, essentially freezing them up, but does not affect the central nervous system. So people or animals can still breath and think but can’t move.

Many Tasers and some other CEWs have two probes with pointed metal barbs that shoot out and puncture the skin. While the wounds are typically minor, at least one person reported he needed surgery to remove a barb.

The electrical pulses from a Taser strike last only five seconds. After that, most people return to their normal muscle function right away.

After effects ofbeing tasered

Police and law enforcement have been using Tasers, known generally as stun guns, since 1974 as a safer alternative to guns. But risk of death is still a concern. There have been more than 1,000 reports of deaths involving a Taser or another conducted electrical weapon (CEW).

A study attributed at least some of the deaths following a Taser X26 shock to cardiac arrest, which can be a consequence of VF.

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To evaluate how the Tasers affected the moose, Beckmen took blood samples and studied stress in the animals before and after they were hit with Tasers.

The cow moose was upset because her two calves were trapped in an open four-foot deep basement foundation at a home construction site. She would not leave the area, even when Lewis tried using noisemakers and rubber shotgun ammunition.Finally, Lewis said he tried to drop a ramp down into the pit so the calves would be able to walk out on their own. But when he approached the calves, the cow moose charged him, jumping into the foundation, across it and back out. It then chased Lewis and the trooper three times around the patrol car.

"Rhabdomyolysis occurs when muscle tissue is overstimulated, becomes overcontracted, and components of muscle protein are released into the bloodstream," Giordano said.

"Basically, Taser energy weapons send a signal to your muscles telling them to flex," or seize up, Amy Nguyen, the chief safety officer at Axon, which manufactures Tasers, said.

Some people who are hit with CEWs experience muscle soreness for a few days after the fact. This happens for two reasons, Giordano said.

Taser's common X26 model administers a shock of about 1.9 milliamperes, according to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers — well below the 10 milliamps needed to cause a severe electric shock but still enough to have an effect.

Whatdoes beingtased feel like

After being shot at with the Tasers, the bears did not react aggressively but instead retreated quickly from the area. They did later return to the dump but showed a greater aversion to people than before they were hit with the Tasers, Lewis said.

Based on positive results from that work, Lewis has since attended Taser International’s instructor, armorer and master instructor courses, written a state operating procedure for Taser use on wildlife and received approval to train department staff to use Tasers in limited circumstances.

Scrapes and bruises are also possible since many people fall over after being hit by a CEW. A study from 1987 found that 38% of people who were shocked reported lacerations or scrapes.

Still, with the reports of cardiac arrest after strikes from CEWs, Rasouli said, "scientists are not exactly sure yet" about the likelihood of a stun gun affecting your heart.

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In one study involving 1,201 cases of shocks from stun guns against criminal suspects, about 83% of people reported a mild injury of superficial puncture wounds, making these wounds the most common injury associated with Tasers.

Police have been known to shock people as young as 11 years old and as old as 75, so it's important to know how these devices affect the brain and body.

“It’s basically like an electric fence in your hand,” Lewis said. “It’s not a panacea, but just another tool for managers to use.”

TASER burn marks

Some wildlife managers might have wondered about the concept, but until recently no one had seriously investigated using the electronic immobilization guns as a wildlife management tool.

It worked so well on the moose, Lewis began wondering if Tasers might be used in similar circumstances with moose, and in other situations, with bears or other animals.

While there's limited research on the psychological effects of CEW jolts, being shocked may contribute to trauma. The physical and emotional pain of a strike is an "objectively traumatic event," Giordano said.

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Both men were armed but rather than shooting the moose, Lewis said the trooper used his Taser to shoot at the moose across the hood of the patrol car. The Taser’s barbed, conductive leads hit the moose in the left front shoulder. Stunned and immobilized, the moose hit the ground immediately. The leads pulled free as the moose fell and it quickly ran off into the woods, staying there long enough for Lewis to extract the calves from the basement and for both Lewis and the trooper to retreat safely to the patrol car.

Another study from the '80s on CEW injuries found that 0.5% of people studied experienced testicular torsion, or twisted testicles. That can happen to men when their muscles contract severely, Giordano said, even if a Taser doesn't hit the pelvis directly.

This temporary effect on memory has led to a push for police to delay questioning or the reading of the Miranda rights to people who have recently been shocked, until they have the chance to recover cognitively.

The same study that found puncture wounds to be a common injury also found evidence for rhabdomyolysis in one out of 1,201 people hit with stun guns.

After being hit with a stun gun, you might not be able to recall short-term memories. And you may have trouble processing new information, which could last for up to one hour, one study found.

Those proteins can damage kidney function and even induce kidney failure. Rhabdomyolysis is treatable, but without medical attention, it can be fatal, Giordano said.

First, your pain receptors and nerve endings are overstimulated by the electrical shock, making them more sensitive. Second, the strong muscle contractions can induce the same sort of muscle fatigue you might experience after hitting the gym.

How totreat a Taser wound

That attitude now could be changing due to groundbreaking work by Larry Lewis, a wildlife technician with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in Soldotna.

“This was seen as unknown and uncharted dangerous territory,” Lewis said. “But since we’ve started this it has garnered a lot of interest from other states and management agencies.”

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Lewis said he began his experimental work several years ago after a harrowing experience with an angry moose and a Taser gun prompted his curiosity.

This induces a state called neuromuscular incapacitation, which hijacks the communication link between your body and brain, making it difficult to make any voluntary movements.

Lewis’ work investigating the use of Tasers on wildlife, done in collaboration with other Alaska Department of Fish and Game biologists, appears to hold promise for adding Tasers to the tool kit of options used by modern wildlife managers.

Earlier this year, Louisville, Kentucky, police officers shocked a man with a stun gun so many times that his children asked whether he was dead, a Justice Department investigation found.

Fish and Game appears to be the first state wildlife agency in the country that has experimented with using Tasers for wildlife management.

Lewis said the concept was met with skepticism and resistance at first, but appears to be slowly gaining some acceptance.

So testicular torsion isn't just very painful but also a medical emergency, though it's rare for people who are shocked by a stun gun.

“It’s not without cost to the animal,” Lohuis said. “But that stress doesn’t appear to be long-term. Our blood samples indicated the moose started to return to normal within 20 to 30 minutes compared to the 24-48 hours it takes a moose to recover from being drugged."

About 90% of law enforcement in the US issues Tasers, and given that there are roughly 18,000 law enforcement agencies, that corresponds to more than 140,000 Tasers nationwide.

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Lohuis and Lewis both warn that it is “not a magic bullet.” But, they said, Tasers do appear to be a valid tool for some situations.

An electrical strike from a stun gun could "lead to disruptions in heart function that can range from moderate to severe and possibly fatal," Giordano said.

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"Since a Taser shock is an incredibly stressful and painful experience, there can certainly be neurocognitive side effects," like trouble finding words or processing information, Rasouli said.

Strikes from stun guns "cause severe, uncontrollable contractions of your muscles, which are very painful," Dr. Jonathan J. Rasouli, a neurosurgeon with Staten Island University Hospital, said, adding: "This is what gives Tasers their incapacitating power and can stun an individual quickly and reversibly."

"A Taser, while intended to be nonlethal, can still incur serious effects, which in some cases, can be life-threatening," especially for those with a heart condition or who are on drugs that affect the cardiovascular system like cocaine and methamphetamine, said James Giordano, a professor of neurology and biochemistry at Georgetown University Medical Center and an expert on military medical ethics.

This is an important area of research, since many people who're hit with stun guns are already in a high-stress situation and experiencing emotional distress. Rasouli said more research was needed on how a strike might contribute to mental illness long term.

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Law enforcement officers have long used Tasers, generally known as electronic control devices, to safely subdue humans. But what about using them on wildlife?

The later work on bears showed that Tasers may also have some success on bruins as a hazing tool. A variety of electronic control devices were shot at two collared brown bears that commonly visited the Yakutat dump.

In November, Lewis presented the idea of using Tasers on bears to a group of wildlife mangers who deal with human-bear conflicts at a conference in Canmore, Canada. Much to his surprise, no one scoffed at the idea. Instead, most managers appeared excited that Tasers might become another possible non-lethal tool available to managers who deal with human-bear conflicts. Lewis said he first became interested in the subject in June of 2005 when an Alaska State Trooper asked for his assistance with an ornery cow moose.