Nonionizing, electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from about 1 millimeter (about 300 gigahertz (GHz)) to static fields (0 hertz).

Radiationhazards PPT

The decrease in voltage also allows for polarity switching between probes (positive and negative). An officer can deploy as many as 10 individual probes. The TASER 10 chooses between the most effective two, three or four probes and changes their polarity with up to 44 pulses per second to most effectively attain NMI. In other words, more Band-Aids, fewer deaths – no matter how many probes are deployed on a subject. Metabolic stress testing and muscular strain testing are showing the TASER 10 to be as safe or safer than previous models.

Having been a TASER user and instructor for most of my career, I was nonplussed. With legacy TASERs, the officer had no choice but to deploy two probes at one time and had no more than two opportunities to land two probes in the right places to obtain NMI.

Harmful effects ofradiationon humans

The TASER 7 used weighted probes to push their way into an effective position through clothing. The TASER 10 has an increased velocity of just over 200 feet per second. The combination of a lighter wire and that velocity has not only increased accuracy but allows for increased performance in attaining NMI from the TASER 7 to the TASER 10.

Harmful effects ofradiationon environment

Guidance for protection of personnel to RFR includes information such as MPE limits, warning sign formats, and recommended practices for safety programs9,10. There are no expectations that any adverse health effects result from exposures that are below the MPE limits, even under repeated or long-term exposure conditions.  A minimum safety factor of 10 is incorporated into these standards. These MPEs are also assessed with reference to spatial and temporal averaging.

Axon took an interesting approach to accuracy testing. An adult male thigh is about 6" x 10". The company used that for a target base. The test group was a large number of officers and citizens with vastly different skill levels in both TASERs and firearms. The results were a greater than 90% hit rate at 15 feet and a greater than 70% hit rate at 33 feet. That is nearly as precise as their legacy weapons at three times the distance.

“This is our moonshot,” Madden told me. If you’re unfamiliar with that phrase, Madden is referring to the voyages of Apollo 10 and Apollo 11. Apollo 10 circled the moon but didn’t land. It was considered a dress rehearsal for the eventual Apollo 11 landing. Apollo 10’s mission gathered the required information and confidence needed to put a man on the moon. Axon considers TASER 10 to be the company’s first step in its own moonshot toward the mission of cutting firearms-related deaths between law enforcement and the public by 50% in ten years.

Army life cycle management implements ionizing radiation safety requirements and exposure limit criteria for personnel potentially exposed to ionizing radiation2,11,12,13. The primary limit is an effective whole-body dose not exceeding 50 millisievert (5000 millirem) per year11.  A U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) license or Army Radiation Authorization (ARA) must be in place to support acquisition for most RAM.

(10) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). C95 Standards: Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure To Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.

(9) DOD. 2009. Instruction 6055.11, Protecting Personnel from Electromagnetic Fields. Incorporating Change 2, August 31, 2018.

(3) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2014. IEC 60825-1:2014, Safety of laser products -- Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements.

Request an NRPS for all applicable radio frequency radiation (RFR) sources. In lieu of an NRPS, provide adequate data that supports an assessment. Provide all available radio frequency emitter information such as the emitter name and model, serial number, frequency, average output power, antenna gain, duty factor, beam width, and aperture area. Emitter information can be obtained from DD Form 1494, the manufacturers' technical manuals, or the FCC8. Identify details about the system's normal use (e.g., how it's used, Soldier locations, antenna height, elevation angle) and safety features.

what are 5 harmful effects of radiation?

For more information and guidelines for assessing radiation energy health hazards, see Technical Guide 351B, Health Hazard Assessor's Guide, Volume 2: Radiation Energy.

Nonionizing, electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in the ranges from 100 nanometers to 1 millimeter representing ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation (i.e., wavelengths that affect the eye and skin). Potential sources of optical radiation include lasers and high-intensity optical sources (HIOS) (e.g., spotlights).

Madden had to tell me three different times that the TASER 10 deploys only one probe at a time before I truly grasped what he was saying. “No more geometry,” I thought.

(5) American National Standards (ANSI). 2014. ANSI Z136.1-2014, Safe Use of Lasers, Laser Institute of America: Orlando, Florida.

Radiationhazards PDF

Army systems comply to the greatest extent possible with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements and with the accessible emission limits (AELs) and maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits1,2,3,4. Some laser products are declared military-exempt, meaning they are specifically exempted from one or more FDA requirements due to military mission need6. Military-exempt systems must still include alternate controls to eliminate or control hazards5,7.

The TASER 10 uses only 1000 volts to allow for 10 probes in the same compact package as previous models and extend the effective range to 45 feet.

The test subjects found the TASER 10 easier and more intuitive to use than a firearm due to the lack of recoil and stress over the consequences arising from a miss. Every bullet fired hits something and is much less forgiving than a TASER probe. Users’ heart rates were found to be about 15 beats per second slower using the TASER 10 in high-stress testing than when they were using simulated firearms.

Exposure to nonionizing radiation may cause eye and skin injuries, with the eye being the most sensitive. Higher-powered systems requiring high voltage may result in shock or burn hazards. For most sources, the effects of exposure are determined by the wavelength and dose received by the Soldier. Exposure to ionizing radiation resulting in an absorbed dose may cause acute tissue reactions or an increased risk of cancer. The nature of these effects depends on the amount of radiation absorbed, the rate at which it is absorbed, and the biological tissues affected. Keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), requiring proper engineering controls and safety features (e.g., interlocks, laser beam attenuators), and implementing a safe standoff distance (SSD) are examples of risk mitigations recommended to protect Soldier health.

Charged, subatomic particles and ionized atoms with kinetic energies greater than 12.4 electronvolts (eV), electromagnetic radiation with photon energies greater than 12.4 eV, and all free neutrons and other uncharged subatomic particles (except neutrinos and antineutrinos). When ionizing radiation passes through material, it can deposit enough energy to produce ions by breaking molecular bonds and displacing (or removing) electrons from atoms or molecules.

(7) DOD. 1991. Military Standard 1425A, DOD Design Criteria Standard: Safety Design Requirements for Military Lasers and Associated Support Equipment. Notice 1, 29 March 2010.

As one would expect the TASER 10 is IP 67-rated, which means it’s waterproof and dustproof (aka cop-proof!). The RMA rate (Return Merchandise Authorization) is expected to be less than 1%. Axon worked with the Department of Justice, the National Institute of Justice, the African American Organization of Mayors and the International Association of Chiefs of Police among others during their development of the TASER 10. That collaboration, decades of research and experience, and innovation in technology have led to what may be the most effective less-lethal weapon in history.

Radiationhazard example

The X-26’s shaped pulse technology allowed it to be smaller and use less power to achieve NMI much more effectively. Since then, we’ve seen the X-26P, X2, X3 and TASER 7, all of which brought advances in technology such as current metering, virtual reality integration, rechargeable batteries, dual laser sighting and pulse calibration. Most of us were interested in the next step in TASER technology.

Law enforcement doesn’t use lethal force because it’s lethal; lethal force is simply and unfortunately the most reliable way to protect the public and officers from an immediate deadly threat. Consider, however, a disturbed individual with a boxcutter 40 feet away. We’ve all heard of the “21-foot principle” (that an attacker can close on and attack an officer with an edged weapon before he or she can draw and fire from seven yards away). Force Science Institute estimates that distance at a much more disturbing 31 feet. The TASER 10’s ability to effectively deploy at 45 feet (where 80% of officer-involved shootings occur) means officers will have more time and options in similar situations.

I remember when Axon’s TASER X-26 was the newest less lethal device on the market. It wasn’t just a step up from the M-26, it was a giant leap in technology. The M-26 was the first conducted energy weapon to produce neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI). NMI is the motor-nerve stimulation of the muscles that occur when electrical pulses temporarily interfere with the command-and-control systems of the body.

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Radiationhazards and protection

(12) DOD. 2009. Instruction 6055.08, Occupational Ionizing Radiation Protection Program, incorporating change 2, August 31, 2019.

What is the first sign of too muchradiation

Don’t misunderstand me. Neither Axon nor I am saying firearms will not always have a place in law enforcement. I would never consider any less lethal tool against a firearm or any immediate close-quarters threat. Any less lethal tool should not be used in a lethal force situation without lethal force backup and all department policies should be strictly followed.

Request an NRPS for all applicable laser and optical radiation sources. The NRPS documents the laser system's classification (i.e., Class 1, 1M, 2, 2M, 3R, 3B, or 4) and appropriate control measures1,2,3,4,5. Provide all available system information such as the name and model, serial number, wavelength, average and/or maximum power or energy, divergence, initial beam diameter, and pulse information (e.g., pulse width, frequency). Identify details about the system's normal use (e.g., how it's used, Soldier locations, mounting platform) and safety features.

The MCAM provides the information needed to make informed decisions based on anticipated cost avoidance benefits, potentially reducing injuries and saving lives.

Madden explained that the ability to choose where each individual probe is placed allows the officer to localize the NMI depending on the situation. For example, officers have been discouraged from using their TASER on a fleeing subject because the NMI can render their arms useless during their fall, which often leads to serious head injuries. With the TASER 10, the user can accurately and quickly place one probe in each leg of the fleeing subject. The offender still can break their fall and the apprehension can be made more safely.

Coordinate with the Health Hazard Assessment (HHA) Program early in the acquisition process to eliminate or control ionizing and nonionizing radiation exposures associated with materiel. Subject matter experts from the Nonionizing Radiation Division and Health Physics Division provide input for HHAs related to radiation energy. Most systems require a Nonionizing Radiation Protection Study (NRPS) in conjunction with an HHA.

Legacy TASERs have always been 50,000-volt weapons. I’ve even heard officers verbalize that fact to suspects in hopes of pre-employment de-escalation. The TASER 10 needs only 1,000 volts to accomplish the same mission. This allows for a smaller wire, smaller cartridges, more accurate travel and up to 45 feet of effective range. The only caveat is that the probes must pierce the skin as the energy can’t arc through clothing.

Axon has fielded its TASER 10 to seven U.S. agencies and two international agencies for the past several months, who racked up 10 deployments with a 100% success rate. The company has conducted 400 voluntary test deployments and has trained 500 officers. That’s a small sample size, but after extensive testing, Axon believes the TASER 10 will be over 95% successful. There were over 25 successful de-escalations from the spooky charge-up sound the T10 makes. It reminds me of the sound you hear on TV and in movies right before emergency room personnel use a defibrillator.

(6) APHC. 2020. Technical Information Paper 24-108-0420, Military Laser Exemption from U.S. Food and Drug Administration Requirements.

Provide detailed information about all sources of ionizing radiation prior to purchase and use by the Army. Identify details about the system's normal use (e.g., Soldier locations, exposure duration and frequency, expected radiation dose rates) and controls implemented to keep exposures ALARA.  Identify the types, quantities, and radiological characteristics of all radioactive material (RAM) and ionizing radiation-generating devices.

On January 24, 2023, Axon introduced the TASER 10 at TASERCON. After my video call with Axon Senior Vice President Patrick Madden the previous day, it was obvious to me that the TASER 10 iteration is less of a step up and more of a giant leap.