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Floodway Pasig

18. RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES Although large amounts of data exist for what are known as "riparian buffer strips", additional data regarding the abilities of vegetation to cause sediment drop-out would be beneficial for determining the direct water quality benefits of establishing vegetation specifically within a floodplain. 19. REFERENCES

NRCS, 2003. Vegetative Barriers Code #601. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. Natural Resources Conservation District Conservation Practice Standards.

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FEMA floodway Map

Nunnally, N. R. & Shields, F. D., Jr. (1985).  Incorporation of environmental features in flood control channel projects.  (Technical Report E-85-3), U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Riley, A. L. (2001).  Wildcat Creek:  A Case Study in Adaptive Management.  Proceedings, Riparian Habitat and Floodplains Conference, 2001

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Upstream section of the vegetated floodway post establishment on Alamitos Creek. April 2004. Note grass establishment and additional plantings (flag delineated).

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Floodway vs floodplain

Costs for vegetated floodways are heavily dependent on site-specific factors such as topography, geology, and existing land use. Key cost factors include real estate, relocation, excavation and fill, and costs for grade control and diversion structures.

Floodplain

Meander preservation, oxbow lakes, wildlife management, public access, wildlife viewing, recreational trails and other recreational features. 10. ADVANTAGES If the natural channel is unaltered and some riparian habitat is preserved or restored between flood control structures, levees can have less adverse effects on habitats than other types of channel modifications (USAEC, 1989). Vegetation helps to decrease erosion by slowing velocities, and has beneficial effects on channel substrate by increasing infiltration, which may increase water storage during flood events. Slow release of water from the floodways will reduce peak flows while maintaining or extending base flows, especially within intermittent streams. Vegetation on floodways may provide pollutant interception by causing sediment deposition and partaking in nutrient uptake from floodwaters. Vegetation on a level floodway is relatively easy to install and maintain due to the lack of severe slopes and the access to water normally associated with wetland or floodplain areas. 11. LIMITATIONS A diverse population of woody and herbaceous vegetation is beneficial for habitat and aesthetic value however it has the potential to inhibit channel conveyance. Floodway design must account for the presence of vegetation to accurately predict the effects of vegetation on flood stage elevations.

Zones within or adjacent to stream corridors may be protected from flooding using a variety of structural approaches. Confining floodwaters to a broad floodway bordered by levees or topographic highs is particularly attractive because the portion of the floodway not normally inundated can support vegetation and thus provide wildlife habitat or recreational opportunities. Floodways may be created by constructing levees, floodwalls, or by excavation. Excavation can consist of creating terraces or benches along an existing channel or a completely new flood channel (bypass). Roadway embankments sometimes serve a dual purpose by defining a floodway. Floodways may encompass the main channel of the stream or depart entirely from it and cross the floodplain as an independent channel (USDA, 2001). Vegetated floodways serve as a zone for riparian vegetation restoration of natural systems that have been disturbed by the construction or installation of flood control structures.

Establishing vegetation will require equipment such as a hydroseeder, a compost or straw blower, and a pump for irrigation purposes if needed. Planting materials may include seed, mulch, tackifier, fertilizer, compost, container plants and/or woody cuttings. See Vegetation Alone and Special Topic: Harvest and Handling of Woody Cuttings.

Upstream section of a vegetated floodway post construction on Alamitos Creek in San Jose, CA adjacent to urban trails. October 2003.

Monitoring should be conducted monthly during the first full growing season after installation, and can be reduced to annual visits in years following (Washington State, 2003). Survival of installed plants may be monitored by a numerical count, but as cover density increases it may be necessary to use percent cover as an indicator of plant health and survival.

Schiechtl, H. M. & Stern, R. (1996). Water Bioengineering Techniques for Watercourse Bank and Shoreline Protection. Blackwell Science, Inc. 224 pp. Table 2.3, p. 19. USACE. (1989).  Environmental engineering for local flood control channels.  Engineer Manual 1110-2-1205, Headquarters, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C. (pdf) U. S. Department of Agriculture. (2001). Floodway.  USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Practice Code 404.  Washington, D.C. (pdf)

16. COMMON REASONS / CIRCUMSTANCES FOR FAILURE Flood control structures are subject to damage by flood flows, especially when designs do not account for increases in runoff from further development within the contributing watershed. Structural faults may lead to failure of flood control structures, but extensive information exists for proper design and installation.

Washington Dept of Fish & Wildlife (2003). Integrated Streambank Protection Guidelines, published in co-operation with Washington Dept. of Transportation and Washington Dept. of Ecology, June 2003. (Chapter 6 pdf) (Appendix L pdf) (Appendix H pdf) http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/hab/ahg/ispgdoc.htm (April 2003)

Species of vegetation selected for establishment must be able to tolerate inundation and drought conditions. This may cause the plan for re-vegetation to be quite complex. Different species may be needed for different zones of the floodway, prompting a need for varied seed mixes and container plants, and possibly multiple maintenance regimes.

Naturally vegetated riparian habitats have experienced rapid decline throughout much of the United States. Vegetated floodways may be used to preserve some of this increasingly scarce habitat. Natural vegetation and wetlands adjacent to or within stream corridors provide links between larger blocks of habitat in a developed landscape, and usually exhibit higher levels of animal species richness than equivalent non-riparian areas. Floodways can provide additional benefits by serving as velocity regugia and sediment sinks. Other contaminants may be processed within floodways, depending on residence times and other site-specific factors. If conveyance issues (see special topics section on management of channel conveyance) prohibit allowing natural woody or herbaceous growth in the floodway, grassy areas there are useful for recreation (parks, trails, playing fields, golf courses, etc.) if sufficient attention is paid to floodproofing and clean up after flood events. Since floodways provide overbank storage for floodwaters, downstream peak discharges may be reduced. 8. HYDRAULIC LOADING Allowable shear stress for vegetated floodways is about 20 N/m2 (Schiechtl and Stern, 1997). After 3-4 seasons with successful establishment and survival, this number may increase. 9. COMBINATION OPPORTUNITIES

Six years later the reach was fully vegetated and functioning properly as a floodway and healthy habitat. Photo courtesy of MPWMD.

Standard flood control structures will be installed as designed by the project engineer. Prior to excavation and earth moving, the topsoil or "duff" should be scraped off the surface and stockpiled. This will conserve the microbial organisms and organic matter to serve as a healthy growing medium for plant establishment. The site should be examined prior to starting work to determine if the topsoil will be filled with seed from exotic, invasive species that may impede establishment efforts later on. See Vegetation Alone for further information. For stabilization of the soil surface prior to complete establishment, an erosion control blanket may be installed prior to planting (see Turf Reinforcement Mats for projects with floodways subject to high velocities).

Vegetated floodways usually require more land area than conventional channelized streams and may not be suitable for urban projects restricted by existing structures.

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Floodway Map

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Many factors can contribute to or cause failure of plants to establish, thrive, and survive. Inadequate soil moisture such as drought or prolonged inundation, insufficient soil nutrients, toxic soil conditions (high alkalinity or acidity), and inadequate light are all soil and site conditions that can influence plant health. Other common causes of failure include incorrect planting locations, inability of plant material to reach the summer water table, damage by wildlife and livestock, excessive pedestrian traffic, and inability of installed plants to compete with naturally establishing riparian vegetation. 17. CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES

12. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT The materials and equipment required depend upon the scope of the project. The standard excavators and bulldozers needed for earthwork will be required for the construction of levees and other embankments. Weir and gate materials may be needed for controlling and directing flow.

Vegetated floodways are used in zones where protection from inundation is required. This practice only applies to areas that have the space to install flood control structures and the amount of land required between the structures and the stream for vegetation establishment. The space required is dictated by the objectives of the project.

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Downstream section of the vegetated floodway post establishment on Alamitos Creek adjacent to urban trails. April 2004. Note sprouted willows.

Floodways do not directly address any streambank erosion process. However, they may reduce the potential for bed and bank erosion by reducing the discharge carried by the stream channel during significant storm events. Thus main channel depths and velocities and attendant shear stresses may be reduced, leading to reduced erosion. Floodways can create opportunities for increased water capture and storage within the soil profile adjacent to streams, thus increasing the longevity of base flows. When vegetated, floodways provide important terrestrial habitat and aesthetic value between flood control structures and the stream channel. In some situations, vegetated floodways will cause sediment particles to drop out, thus improving water quality and providing additional growing medium and nutrients for promoting vegetation establishment.

The Carmel River was threatening a home on the right bank. Photo courtesy of Monterey Peninsula Water Management District (MPWMD).

FEMA floodway

The location and width of zones of specific vegetation types and tolerance levels (to inundation as well as drought) across a floodway are an important consideration for proper species selection. The species of vegetation most tolerant of inundation should be installed closer to the stream and those most drought resistant closer to the levee or other flood control structure. Other measures and features can be included in the design to provide particular habitat and ecological benefits (see Table 1). Species must be adapted to local soil and climate conditions, and should take little effort to establish and maintain. Species should be selected that: have the ability to emerge though several inches of sediment; have the means to resume growth from buried stem nodes; have a rhizomatous or stoloniferous growth habit; and have stems that remain intact and upright year round. Plants that demonstrate the characteristics of an invasive species should be avoided (NRCS, 2003).

Design Guidelines / Typical Drawings: Floodway designs should include consideration of the effects of future development in the contributing watershed that will increase peak flows.

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What is a floodway Zone

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1. Class I - These floodways are constructed on sites where failure may cause loss of life or serious damage to homes, commercial buildings, public utilities, high value crops, and other similar improvements. 2. Class II - These floodways are constructed in highly developed and productive agriculture areas where failure may damage a few isolated homes, highways, minor railroads, or cause interruption of relatively important public utilities. 3. Class III - These floodways are constructed in rural or agriculture areas where damage from failure of the floodway or dike would be minimal.

Key design issues are reviewed by Nunnally and Shields (1985) and Corps of Engineers (1989). Floodways that are inundated too frequently or that intercept shallow groundwater tables may be too wet to support the desired vegetation or land use. The frequency of flooding for the floodway is controlled by the elevation of the bed relative to the main channel bed. However, in some cases weirs or gated control structures may be used to control the division of flow between a bypass and the main channel. Grade controls are often required at one end of the bypass to prevent bed erosion that would result in the entire stream being captured by the (often) steeper, shorter floodway or bypass. Estimating the effects of natural vegetation on channel conveyance is difficult (see special topics section on management of channel conveyance), and estimating the effects of vegetation on the rate of sediment deposition is fraught with uncertainty. See Riley (2001) for a case study. Maintenance plans and funding must be flexible to allow for uncertainty. USDA (2001) presents a classification system for floodways:

Downstream section of a vegetated floodway post construction on Alamitos Creek in San Jose, CA adjacent to urban trails. October 2003.

15. MAINTENANCE / MONITORING Normal structural inspections are required for levees and other flood control structures. Vegetation establishment and survival should be monitored and follow-up planting may be required to replace plants that did not survive the initial planting. Plants may need irrigation initially but should not require continuous irrigation once established.

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The objectives for installing a vegetated floodway dictate the design, space requirements, and required materials needed for a specific project. For example, proper species selection is critical and will vary depending upon the constraints and desired outcome for a project (USACE, 1989). A vegetated floodway designed for wildlife habitat and aesthetic improvement will require a diversity of species with areas of dense vegetation and a large total area of floodway. In zones where recreation opportunities are required, accessibility and usability will be a priority calling for less dense vegetation, while maintaining aesthetic values. In floodways where the primary objective is maximum capacity, the project designer may be limited to selecting only low growing grasses and legumes that can be mowed on a regular basis.

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In areas where maximum capacity or aesthetics and recreation are a priority, pruning, mowing, and weed abatement programs may be necessary.