“He really needed people to de-escalate the situation,” said Mahmud Fitil, an Indigenous activist with the Great Plains Action Society who has been involved with the Bear Heels case for years.  “Talk to him in a calm manner. He needed trained mental health professionals. He didn’t need police officers.”

Tasers are designed to incapacitate a person through up to five centimetres of clothing. Taser International says the electrical pulse is delivered at a high voltage because the electric current has to pass through clothing and air — neither of which is a good conductor of electricity — to make a complete circuit with the target's skin.

The jolt stuns the target by causing an uncontrollable contraction of the muscle tissue. The target is immobilized and falls to the ground — regardless of pain tolerance or mental focus.

The jury determined the company was negligent for failing to warn police that prolonged deployment of the stun gun could increase the risk of cardiac arrest.

•In Sacramento, Tasers were used in response to mental health calls 46 times between 2013 and 2023, representing two thirds of the incidents in which police used force in response to a mental health-related 911 call.

In the United States, Tasers are not considered firearms and are legal for civilian use in most states. Some cities, counties and states do restrict — or ban — their use by people who are not police officers. The company will not ship its product outside the United States unless the person placing the order holds a valid import/export permit.

On Oct. 14, 2007, Robert Dziekanski, 40, of Pieszyce, Poland, died at Vancouver International Airport after being shocked five times with a Taser by RCMP officers.

By comparison, electrical outlets in Canada deliver 120 volts of electricity, and the current they carry depends on the appliance that's plugged into them. A 60-watt light bulb, for example, pulls 0.5 amps, while a toaster pulls about five amps.

Armstrong was shot five times by a Taser while sitting on the street outside a hospital with his arms and legs wrapped around the post of a stop sign. The necessary papers to involuntarily commit him on a psychiatric hold had just been served.

In Atlanta, Tasers were used at least 29 times from 2019 through 2022 in response to a 911 call about a person experiencing a mental health crisis, according to data obtained through the investigation. The Tasers were disproportionately used against Black men.

Garrett, a promising basketball player and student at Norwich University, had been experiencing family problems and feeling overwhelmed for weeks, he told MindSite News. On July 31, he’d been arrested for misdemeanor trespassing and loitering, and earlier on August 2 he had an encounter with police that “required several officers to subdue and arrest” him, the police report said.

Northwestern University assistant professor Kari Lydersen and MindSite News staff reporter Josh McGhee contributed reporting. McGhee is a Rosalynn Carter Fellow exploring the ways that the mental health and legal systems intersect to the detriment of Black and brown people in America.

Just before 11 pm on August 2, 2022, the Atlanta police department received a call from a crisis hotline asking police officers and emergency medical workers to respond to a Hyatt hotel, where 20-year-old Jarontez Garrett was reportedly acting erratically.

The company says there are none and that Taser devices are among the safest use-of-force options available. Critics argue that there hasn't been enough research into the safety of stun guns.

A comparative interrupted time-series assessing the impact of the Armstrong decision on officer-involved shootings. Police Practice and Research. May 20, 2022.

Taser International said CBC made scientific errors by failing to spark-test the weapons before firing them, a process the company recommends police officers do on a regular basis. But engineers who reviewed the testing protocol for CBC said the tests were based on solid practices.

In Canada, however, Tasers are a prohibited weapon. Only one company can import them into Canada under a special permit, and they can only sell the devices to law enforcement agencies, said RCMP Cpl. Greg Gillis, who trains police officers in how to use Tasers. Each Taser sale is registered and tracked, much like a handgun, he said.

Type of work: Investigative / Enterprise In-depth examination of a single subject requiring extensive research and resources.

Voltage is the amount of force that is driving a flow of electrons. If you imagine electricity as water flowing through a pipe, the voltage is the water pressure in the pipe.

Taser International also says that while its device can deliver up to 50,000 volts in an open air arc only, it does not deliver that much voltage to a person's body. The company says its Taser X26 delivers an average of 1,200 volts.

Douglas Zipes, a cardiologist and expert in electrophysiology who has testified in Taser cases in court, told Mindsite News he believes excited delirium is “a fictitious term” and that he has not seen any evidence to prove its validity.

Tasers are supposed to allow police officers to subdue violent individuals without killing them. A police officer can "take down" a threatening suspect without worrying that a stray bullet might kill or injure an innocent bystander.

“To say that no one can die from an electrical shock to their body or multiple ones is just ridiculous. A person can die from putting their finger in a socket.”

The RCMP in May 2010, released new stun gun restrictions, indicating officers are only permitted to use the weapons in cases where a person is causing bodily harm or an officer has "reasonable grounds" to believe a person will "imminently" harm someone.

The city of Montreal also held public hearings about police use of stun guns in April 2010. A report is expected later in the year.

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The Braidwood Inquiry in its final report, released in June 2010, concluded the RCMP was not justified in using a Taser against Dziekanski.

Axon has historically said that its Tasers are most effective when used on the largest body part, which most assume to be the chest. And for years, the company  denied any link between the use of the device and risk of cardiac arrest. Recently, however, Axon changed its guidelines to warn of a slight risk of cardiac arrest and to suggest avoiding the chest. Nonetheless, the company continues to deny liability in most Taser deaths. (Axon did not respond to multiple requests for comment on this story.)

In 2008, the RCMP, which introduced Tasers into its arsenal in 2001, had 2,800 Tasers and 9,100 officers who were trained to use them.

The CBC News report prompted several provinces — including Quebec, Alberta and Nova Scotia — to test their Tasers and pull some or all off the streets after their own tests showed the weapons failed to work properly.

It's possible for an electrical circuit to have high voltage, but low current. It would be analogous to a dentist's water jet used to remove plaque: high pressure, but low flow.

The National Alliance on Mental Illness’s recommendations on police use of force urge officers to only use conducted energy devices (CEDs) – which include Tasers, stun guns and similar non-firearm weapons – on those experiencing mental health crises when there is a great risk of injury to an officer, the individual, or a third party. The group also recommends such devices only be used if no other de-escalation strategies are  possible.

Being shocked by a Taser can be painful and terrifying for anyone, but it is especially traumatic and cause lasting physical and psychological damage for people in the midst of a mental health crisis, experts say. Ironically, the very people who may be the most  vulnerable to being harmed by Tasers – those in mental distress – are also more likely to have one used against them.

In the Reuters investigation, 290 incidents – nearly 27% of Taser fatalities – listed excited delirium as the cause of death.

“To say that no one can die from an electrical shock to their body or multiple ones is just ridiculous,” said Carter, who served as chief medical examiner for Houston and consulted for the U.S. Armed Forces. “A person can die from putting their finger in a socket.”

Sela Breen is a reporter with the Medill Investigative Lab-Chicago at Northwestern University and is studying journalism, international studies and theater. She is also a contributing writer at VeryWell... More by Sela Breen

Jeremy Markman, an attorney who has represented families of people harmed or killed by Tasers, told MindSite News that the core issue remains a lack of meaningful mental health care that leaves police facing crises they aren’t equipped to handle.

Statistics prepared by RCMP officers show that Mounties drew or threatened to draw their Tasers more than 1,400 times in 2007, up from 597 in 2005.

Airport security called the RCMP for help after Dziekanski allegedly was pounding on windows and throwing chairs and computer equipment.

Electricity is the flow of electrons through a wire or other conductor. Voltage and current are two separate ways of measuring electricity.

"Why Did 1,000 People Die After Police Subdued Them With Force that Isn't Meant to Kill?" Associated Press, March 28, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/associated-press-investigation-deaths-police-encounters-02881a2bd3fbeb1fc31af9208bb0e310

According to some psychologists, a person with excited delirium acts agitated, violent, sweats profusely and is unusually strong and insensitive to pain. Then, the victim's heart races and eventually stops beating.

The procedures, conducted by U.S.-based lab National Technical Systems, found that 10 per cent of the X26 model Tasers produced more electrical current than the weapon's specifications.

“The key factor to me was the impact the commitment order had on the officers,” Ranalli wrote. “As soon as they learned it had been signed, they immediately discontinued any attempt at verbal persuasion, which had worked so far, and instead resorted to orders and then the CED [conducted energy device] on a person in obvious crisis.”

Citations & References:"Why Did 1,000 People Die After Police Subdued Them With Force that Isn't Meant to Kill?" Associated Press, March 28, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/associated-press-investigation-deaths-police-encounters-02881a2bd3fbeb1fc31af9208bb0e310 "Mapping Police Violence" database. Campaign Zero. Undated. https://airtable.com/appzVzSeINK1S3EVR/shroOenW19l1m3w0H/tblxearKzw8W7ViN8 Conducted Energy Device (Taser) in Subjects With Mental Illness. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law 44-213-17.2016 In Puerto Rico, Calling 911 in a Mental Health Emergency Can Get You Tased. MindSite News. December 21, 2023. Man Dies Days After Being Tased by Richmond County Deputy. WBAC. December 22, 2022. Man Dies After Scuffle With Cops, Being Tasered: Bolingbrook Police. Illinois Patch. October 1, 2023. Special Report: ‘Breathe, Ronald, Breathe:’ The court case curbing Taser use. Reuters. August 23, 2017. A comparative interrupted time-series assessing the impact of the Armstrong decision on officer-involved shootings. Police Practice and Research. May 20, 2022. Emergency Medicine Association Finally Withdraws its Approval of Policy Paper Endorsing “Excited Delirium” as Cause of Death. Physicians for Human Rights. October 13, 2023.

A number of cities in North Carolina, South Carolina, West Virginia, Maryland and Virginia have passed stricter regulations on Taser use since the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in January 2016 that Tasers should only be used on someone who poses “an immediate safety risk.” The ruling came in a case filed by the family of Ronald Armstrong, who died in 2011 after being shocked by a Taser while in the midst of a mental health crisis in South Carolina.

In January, California became the first state to prohibit the term from many official proceedings. Lawmakers in Colorado, Hawaii, Minnesota, and New York may follow suit. The American Medical Association repudiated the diagnosis in 2021 and last October, the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) withdrew its approval of a 2009 policy paper that had frequently been cited as medical support for the theory.

When Prinvil approached the officer with a “clenched fist and fighting stance,” the officer fired his taser, hitting Prinvil in his abdomen and exposed genitals. Ultimately an EMT removed the taser darts from Prinvil’s body, and he was transported to the hospital and charged with disorderly conduct, public indecency and obstruction.

Bear Heels’s mother called the Omaha Police Department to report that her son, who had bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, had gone missing.

The three-judge panel ruled that the officers used excessive and unconstitutional levels of force but granted them immunity because of ambiguities in the law. However, the panel put police departments “on notice” that, moving forward, unless someone poses “an immediate safety risk,” Taser use may not be permissible.

Carter, the nation’s first African American chief medical examiner, told MindSite News that Axon, formerly TASER International, has continuously pushed the idea that deaths happen because of excited delirium, not shock from Tasers.

"We don't speak often enough about the number of lives that have been saved, the number of people that are up and walking around today that might not have been had it not been for a Taser," says Steve Palmer, executive director of the Canadian Police Research Centre. The CPRC is a partnership among the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, the RCMP and the National Research Council of Canada.

He was talking to himself and expressing “suicidal ideations,” according to a police report, so the officers filled out paperwork to have Garrett involuntarily committed to a hospital for a mental health evaluation. Garrett’s mother was there, and asked officers to “stand off,” since her son had recently had negative interactions with police.

About three hours after officers were called to the hotel, an ambulance still had not arrived. Garrett told MindSite News he felt uncomfortable with the police surrounding him and talking about him, so he tried to run from them. An officer grabbed Garrett’s belt to prevent him from leaving, as Garrett “got too irate to contain,” kicking and “pulling away,” according to a police report.

Tasers are hand-held weapons that deliver a jolt of electricity through a pair of wires propelled by compressed air from up to 10.6 metres away.

The AP investigation also found that many of those who died were experiencing a mental health crisis. (The investigation also led to a documentary aired on PBS Frontline on April 30.)

•In Augusta, Georgia, Medill and MindSite News identified at least 78 incidents where force appeared to be used in response to a mental health call from 2016 to 2022, based on matching addresses, times and dates from use-of-force logs and 911 call logs. In 25 of those incidents, a Taser was used.

Amnesty International says that between 2001 and August 2008,  334 Americans died after Taser shocks. The stun gun was deemed to have caused or contributed to at least 50 of those deaths, Amnesty says, citing medical examiners and coroners. Most suspects were unarmed, and many were subjected to repeated or prolonged shocks, according to Amnesty.

Tasers work by passing electricity through a pair of wires. Weighted barbed hooks at the ends of the wires are propelled toward the target by compressed air.

Augusta resident Christina Graham tried to avoid involving police when she sought mental health help for her 33-year-old husband, Nelson Lee Graham, in August 2022. She filled out a state form – form 1013 –  authorizing his involuntary commitment to a hospital but said she never received a response.

Garrett told MindSite News he doesn’t believe he was a threat to himself or others, and feels the use of a Taser was unnecessary. Since that night, he said, he’s had a hard time adjusting to regular life.

•In Atlanta, Black men made up more than 80% of those shot by Tasers, although Blacks constitute only 46.7% of Atlanta’s population.

A 2022 study by researchers at the University of South Carolina found that most respondents to a survey indicated they placed Tasers higher on their “force continuums,” and some law enforcement agencies stopped using Tasers altogether, in response to the ruling. But the study found that officers fired guns and pointed firearms at people at higher rates than before, presumably relying on guns instead of Tasers.

The 40-year-old theory, increasingly rejected by medical experts, posits that people in a state of severe agitation are prone to sudden death. It has long been used to defend officers involved in the deaths of people in custody, including, in recent years, George Floyd in Minneapolis; Daniel Prude in Rochester, New York; and Angelo Quinto in Antioch, California.

While no comprehensive data set exists on the number of times Tasers are deployed against people in mental health crises, the collaborative investigation by MindSite News and the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University involving more than 100 cities nationwide was revealing. Sixteen cities provided use-of-force logs documenting 450 incidents in which Tasers were used on people following a mental health-related 911 call since January 2020. Many cities provided use-of-force logs that don’t indicate the type of force used, and some cities lumped in Tasers with other types of force (like pepper balls).

It's possible to suffer a fatal shock from a household electrical socket, at just 120 volts with 15 amps, if enough current passes through the body.

Two days later, police officers identified Bear Heels, 29, dancing and behaving erratically at a gas station in Omaha. When they tried to restrain him and bring him to the police car, Bear Heels resisted. He  was shocked by a Taser 12 times and punched several times as police tried to handcuff him. He was eventually cuffed to a gurney, but medics said he had no pulse. He was pronounced dead at the hospital, with the cause of death ruled as excited delirium.

The report called for an independent provincial body to investigate police actions and warned that public confidence in the RCMP was flagging.

On Dec. 16, 2022 when her husband was acting erratically and she feared he might cause harm, Graham called the same state crisis hotline that handled the call about Jarontez Garrett. She hoped clinicians would come to help – instead, three police officers arrived at her home. Nelson Graham refused to leave with them, sitting on his bed with crossed arms. After he ignored their verbal commands to comply, an officer fired a Taser at him multiple times until he became unresponsive, according to a police report. Nearly a week later, Graham was dead.

In July 2005, for example, a Chicago medical examiner ruled that the death of a man in February 2005 was the result of being shot with a Taser by Chicago police. Media reports said it was the first time a death had been linked directly to a police stun gun, although the medical examiner said the victim also had a lot of methamphetamine in his system.

If a Taser strikes a person on or near the chest, the shock can reach the heart and alter its rhythm, causing ventricular fibrillation, a type of arrhythmia, Zipes explained. In people with underlying medical conditions, drugs in the system or elevated heart rate due to emotional distress, the electrical current delivered by a Taser is more likely to be deadly, Zipes said.

News reports will often quote the voltage delivered by a Taser — up to 50,000 volts. That sounds like a lot of electricity, but it's a misleading way of expressing the power a Taser uses.

Ten months after the appeals court ruling, the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal in the case. That left the ruling in effect – but only in the five states of the 4th Circuit. Reuters reported the next year that Taser usage fell dramatically in several cities in the five eastern states.

The Reuters investigation found that, of Taser fatalities resulting in wrongful death lawsuits, 34% of the people suffered from mental illness.

A typical case was that of Adam Trammell, who died after being tased by West Milwaukee police officers who responded to a call about a naked man in an apartment hallway. Trammell was in the shower when police arrived, and ultimately was tased 18 times and suffered a black eye and broken rib in his encounter with police, as described in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.

In November 2007, the UN Committee Against Torture released a statement saying "use of Taser X26 weapons, provoking extreme pain, constituted a form of torture, and … in certain cases, it could also cause death."

A low-voltage, high-current circuit would be analogous to a storm sewer. A great deal of water passes through but at low pressure.

Public concern is growing over the increasing use of Tasers in light of mixed reports on their safety and the lack of details surrounding incidents of Taser deployment by law enforcement agencies. Many of the incident reports released publicly by the RCMP are incomplete, with several key areas left blank.

This story is the latest installment of Fateful Encounters, an ongoing investigative collaboration between MindSite News, the Medill Investigative Lab-Chicago at Northwestern University and other media outlets exploring police response to mental health crises. This work is generously supported by the Sozosei Foundation.

Across the country, officers deploy Tasers frequently against people suffering from mental health crises, according to a collaborative investigation by MindSite News and the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University based on public records requests filed with more than 100 cities nationwide seeking such data. Even in non-lethal situations, being tased may have long-term mental health consequences.

Markman’s clients have included the family of Jean Samuel Celestin, who died in April 2019 after being tasered and left in restraints during a mental health crisis in his home in Ocoee, Florida. Body camera footage shows Celestin begging for mercy from officers, apologizing and clearly confused by the situation. “You are about to get shot, get on your fucking stomach right now,” one of the officers shouted at him, as seen in the bodycam footage.

•In Minneapolis, Tasers were used 82 times on people in mental health crisis following a 911 call between January 2020 and March 2023, the MindSite News/Medill analysis of public data shows. Twenty-seven of the subjects were Black and six were Native American.

Taser International says more than 16,200 law enforcement agencies in more than 40 countries use its devices. Since early 1998, more than 543,000 Taser brand immobilizers have been sold to law enforcement agencies.

"There's no question that there are certainly lots of documented examples in Canada where had we not had the Taser and had to respond with more traditional options, that it could have resulted in a higher level of force," said Gillis. "For example, the firearm: … with a firearm, there are only two outcomes … it's going to be a permanent injury or a loss of life."

Taser stands for "Thomas A. Swift Electric Rifle." It is named after a series of children's science-fiction novels written in the early 20th century featuring the young genius inventor Tom Swift.

A few days before Garrett’s encounter, on July 27, a homeless man named Ernso Prinvil was walking naked through Atlanta traffic and acting erratically, as described in public records obtained by MindSite News. An officer chased Prinvil on foot, ordering him to stop and “get on the ground,” commands Prinvil ignored.

After the release of the first report, the B.C. provincial government said it would act immediately to adopt Braidwood's recommendations.

In March 2009, the RCMP watchdog released new figures showing RCMP officers used stun guns 1,106 times in 2008, about 30 per cent less than the previous year. The numbers included incidents when officers drew Tasers from their holsters but didn't fire.

On September 30, 2023, police responded to a call for help in Bolingbrook regarding a 41-year-old man in diabetic crisis, who also was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The man, John Taylor, was shot by a Taser while scuffling with police and later died at a hospital. Bolingbrook police, Illinois State Police, and the Will County State’s Attorney and Will County Coroner all denied public records requested for this story, citing an ongoing investigation.

Nationally, Tasers have been used on people with mental illness 28% more often than those without mental illness, according to a 2016 study in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

A study conducted by Michael D. White and Justin Ready at Arizona State University in 2016 found that people who were emotionally disturbed or mentally ill were nearly twice as likely to die after being shot by a Taser as those who were not.  The study was based on media reports of Taser incidents between 2002 and 2006.

“Mental health systems in place aren’t funded appropriately,” Markman said, “and law enforcement should not be the number one agency dealing with mental health.”

In December 2009, Paul Kennedy, head of the Commission for Complaints Against the RCMP, the RCMP watchdog agency, had released a damning report on the conduct of RCMP involved in the Dziekanski's death. Specifically, Kennedy criticized the RCMP's training practices and use of force guidelines, saying the force appears to have dropped historic guidelines directing officers to minimize intervention and use the least amount of force required to get the best results.

In a federal civil rights lawsuit, Trammell’s family received $2.5 million from the Village of West Milwaukee. Mark Thomsen, a veteran civil rights litigator who represented  the Trammell family, rejects the excited delirium diagnosis.

Retired forensic pathologist Joyce Carter has studied the concept of excited delirium for years, starting with her fellowship at the Dade County medical examiner’s office in Miami in 1988.

It is a priority for CBC to create products that are accessible to all in Canada including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges.

Conducted Energy Device (Taser) in Subjects With Mental Illness. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law 44-213-17.2016

RCMP officers must also give a verbal warning "where tactically feasible" before using their stun guns, according to the new policy.

Emergency Medicine Association Finally Withdraws its Approval of Policy Paper Endorsing “Excited Delirium” as Cause of Death. Physicians for Human Rights. October 13, 2023.

Initially, the Mounties speculated that he died from a rare condition called excited delirium. Excited delirium is described as an agitated state in which a person experiences an irregular heartbeat and suddenly dies. It can happen to psychiatric patients and people using drugs such as cocaine. But critics charge that excited delirium is not a valid medical term.

Nova Scotia's justice minister also ordered police departments in the province to stop using an older model of Taser in December 2008.

An officer fired his Taser at Garrett, and the electricity-conducting darts struck him in his arm and lower back, according to the police report. Then the officers handcuffed him. He was taken to jail, charged with disorderly conduct and transferred to Grady Memorial Hospital, where staff said he was experiencing a mental health crisis, according to the police report.

In June 2008, Taser International lost its first civil suit. The company was ordered to pay more than $5 million in damages after a jury in San Jose, Calif., found that shocks from the company's devices contributed 15 per cent to the Feb. 19, 2005, death of Robert Heston, 40. The jury found that Heston's own actions, including toxic methamphetamine ingestion, were 85 per cent responsible for his death.

Celestin’s family told local media that it should be mandatory for mental health clinicians to ride along with police on such calls. A response of that nature might have prevented Celestin’s death as well as the 2017 death of Zachary Bear Heels, an Indigenous Omaha man.

•In Spokane, Tasers were used in response to 20 mental health-related 911 calls between 2018 and 2022, according to a review of police reports available online. Seven of those cases started with 911 calls mentioning suicide.

Arizona-based Taser International makes virtually all of the stun guns being used today. The technical term for a stun gun is a "conducted energy device" (CED) or "conducted energy weapon" (CEW).

Beyond AtlantaA Taser stun gun can transmit up to 1,200 volts. A recent investigation led by the Associated Press found 538 people were killed by Tasers or stun guns in the 10-year period between 2012 and 2021. Taser manufacturer Axon Enterprise used to describe the device as “non-lethal” but now calls it “less lethal.” Another national dataset, compiled by the advocacy group Campaign Zero, found that nearly a quarter of people who died as a result of being tased by police were experiencing a mental health crisis.

In some cases, the current was up to 50 per cent stronger than specified. The X26 Tasers were manufactured before 2005 and are one of the most commonly used models.

A coroner concluded Dziekanski died as a result of the stress from both the Taser stuns and the struggle with police as they pinned him to the ground and handcuffed him.

Quebec ordered the mandatory testing of all stun guns manufactured prior to 2005. The government later pulled all of its Taser stun guns off the street for testing after lab results revealed problems with some of the weapons.

•In Puerto Rico, the Center for Investigative Journalism (CPI, in Spanish)  analyzed hundreds of use-of-force reports from 2018 through  2021 and found 23% to 30% occurred in cases where people were suffering an apparent mental health crisis. In more than half of these cases, officers used a Taser, according to the findings of the investigation, a collaboration between CPI, Medill and MindSite News.

Figures compiled by the Canadian Police Research Centre suggest that most mid-size police forces use stun guns between 50 to 60 times a year on average. They were used 51 times in 2006 by police officers in Quebec.

Alberta will be testing all of its police Tasers after pulling 50 that failed to work properly in independent tests, the province announced in April 2009.

"Mapping Police Violence" database. Campaign Zero. Undated. https://airtable.com/appzVzSeINK1S3EVR/shroOenW19l1m3w0H/tblxearKzw8W7ViN8

Current, measured in amperes or amps, is the rate of flow of electrons through a wire, similar to the rate of water flow in a pipe, measured in litres per second.

Taser International said in August 2009 that it would challenge Braidwood's preliminary findings at the Supreme Court of British Columbia. The case is scheduled to be heard in July 2010.

Indeed, Taser use often follows a family member’s call for help, as MindSite News and other media outlets have found. A Reuters investigation found that more than 100 of 1,005 Taser fatalities in the U.S. from 1983 to 2018 “began with a 911 call for help during a medical emergency.”

In an article responding to that study, attorney and former Glenville, N.Y. police chief Mike Ranalli argued that instead of making sweeping changes to policy and replacing Taser use with firearm use, police departments should institute better training as to what constitutes a safety risk. He also noted that once an involuntary commitment order was issued for Armstrong, officers focused only on carrying it out rather than de-escalating the situation.

Then a little more than a month later,  the RCMP said it is pulling all older model M-26 Tasers from service nationwide, after the B.C. government announced that such weapons don't meet the manufacturer's specifications.

“It is a term that was developed by law enforcement experts to defend law enforcement experts when they use excessive force,” Thomsen told Mindsite News. “There are serious issues as to whether or not it is a legitimate medical diagnosis.”