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Tasers are often produced in bright colors, or with neon accents, to distinguish them from pistols. The Brooklyn Center Police Department manual cites the Glock 17, 19 and 26 as standard-issue for the department. All three pistol models weigh significantly more than a typical Taser. Glocks also have a trigger safety that can be felt when touching the trigger. Tasers do not. Grips on Tasers are typically different from those of firearms, as well, though they may feel similar because both are usually made of a similar type of polymer.

Entry standards for both the armed forces and the police have included measures of height and weight as surrogates for operational fitness. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a practical measurement that has been shown to correlate well with outcomes of obesity, such as high blood pressure and insulin-mediated glucose uptake. However, the military have found that use of BMI to assess obesity may be problematic because an increase in BMI might relate to an increase in the fat-free mass (largely muscle) but not fat mass. A specificity of about 0.96 means that some people with a high BMI are misclassified as obese, although the number of false positives will be small. In addition, BMI has a sensitivity of approximately 0.5 meaning that it does not detect almost half of people with high body fat levels.

If an applicant has no other health problems and is capable of passing the physical fitness and ability tests, why should s/he be denied entrance? Any health issues related to an elevated BMI, excessive waist measurement or other anthropomorphic test, is likely to develop later in life, after most military or police personnel have left the service.

Tasers look and feel different from pistols in a number of ways, and most police forces — including Brooklyn Center’s — have standard precautions and protocols in place to prevent the sort of mix-up that can be deadly.

In most cases, there has been little or no jail time for officers disciplined or tried for wounding or killing someone in situations in which they said they had mistaken a gun for a Taser. In the Pennsylvania case, for example, the district attorney said the officer violated a policy requiring officers to wear their Tasers on the side opposite their firearms. Still, he said the officer “did not possess the criminal mental state required to be guilty of a crime under state law.”

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The standard-size grip is taller than the grips on many Tasers, and the weapon's overall weight can be several times greater.

One of the most widely known cases happened in 2009 in Oakland, Calif., when a white Bay Area transit officer shot and killed an unarmed Black man on New Year’s Day at the Fruitvale Station of the city’s BART line. The man, Oscar Grant III, was lying face-down when the officer shot him.

The chief of police for Brooklyn Center, Minn., where Daunte Wright, a 20-year-old Black man, was fatally shot by a white officer on Sunday, said on Monday that the shooting was an accident. The officer, Kimberly A. Potter, a 26-year veteran of the force, had intended to deploy her Taser, the chief said at a news conference, but had shot her service pistol instead.

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This blog has been written by Prof John Harrison the National Police Chief Medical Officer following the recent update sent to forces from the College of Policing on how to use BMI assessments during police officer recruitment.

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Greg Meyer, a retired captain in the Los Angeles Police Department and a use-of-force expert, documented nine similar instances from 2001 to 2009 in a 2012 article published in a monthly law journal produced by Americans for Effective Law Enforcement, a nonprofit.

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The manual also says that “reasonable efforts should be made to target lower center mass and avoid the head, neck, chest and groin” if an officer is using a Taser. Mr. Wright died of a gunshot wound to his chest, according to the Hennepin County medical examiner.

Body-camera footage from the scene of Mr. Wright’s killing does not show how Officer Potter carried her weapons. But Deputy Obayashi said it does show her fellow officer with his gun on one side of his body and his Taser on the other side, holstered so that either weapon could easily be grabbed by his dominant hand.

Another prospective study of Chinese police officers concluded that work stresses are a risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. The National Police Wellbeing Service will be exploring how to address this issue through developing health assessments utilising the OK vans and the establishment of a police health observatory.

In both cases, he said, the officer can become accustomed to using the same hand to draw either weapon, a habit that can make it harder to tell one from the other in high-pressure situations when muscle memory and instinct kick in.

Another officer on the scene carried his Taser in a holster on his left side, with the grip accessible to his right hand.

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Measurement of waist circumference is another option and the military have moved to a new approach to assessing obesity – body composition measurement, which combines BMI and waist circumference measurements. The risk of obesity in the UK armed forces has been shown to rise with age and in the lower ranks, for both men and women. The risk of obesity in officers an d the Royal Marines was less than for other study participants when a threshold of 27.5 Kg/m2 for BMI and waist circumference of 94 cm. (men) and 84 cm. (women) was used. The explanation was that the muscle mass was greater in these groups.

Despite entry thresholds for height and weight, a recent FOI request revealed that, between January 1 2019 and March 31 2022, 59,219 UK armed forces personnel had a recorded body composition measurement of increased risk of ill health (overweight). Medical discharges for the year 2022/23 reveal that the principal causes were musculoskeletal and mental health, which was in line with previous years.

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There is evidence that metabolic syndrome is prevalent in law enforcement and appears to be increasing. A study in the US following the 2001 World Trade Centre (WTC) attacks found that approximately 25% law enforcement officers who worked at the WTC site met the criteria for metabolic syndrome.

“If you train enough, you should be able to tell,” said Scott A. DeFoe, a retired sergeant with the Los Angeles Police Department.

The officer who killed Mr. Grant later contended that he had meant to pull his Taser but had pulled his firearm instead. He was found not guilty on charges of second-degree murder and voluntary manslaughter, and convicted of involuntary manslaughter. He served 11 months in prison.

"A quarter of Britain’s soldiers are classed as 'dangerously' overweight in the past five years, with more than 5000 discharged for being overweight or obese, since 2010” screams the  Mail on Sunday.

In 2018, a rookie Kansas police officer mistakenly shot a man who was fighting with a fellow officer. In 2019, a police officer in Pennsylvania shouted “Taser!” before shooting an unarmed man in the torso. And in 2015, a former Oklahoma reserve deputy killed an unarmed man when he mistook his handgun for a stun gun.

The manual advises that the device should not be used against people “whose position or activity may result in collateral injury” — including people who are “operating vehicles.” Mr. Wright was sitting in the driver’s seat when Officer Potter fired, and his car traveled several blocks after he was shot.

A study in the Lancet found that, compared to a healthy baseline population, increased risks of all-cause mortality increased with BMI such that a BMI of 30 – 34.9 kgm2 increased the risk by 45% and a BMI of 35 – 39.9 kgm2 increased the risk by 94%. These are hazard ratios meaning that an increase of 94% is an almost doubling of risk. Is that sufficient to reject an applicant?

In six of the nine cases cited in the article, the officers carried both weapons on the same, “strong-hand” side of their bodies. In the other three, however, the officers carried the weapons on opposite hips with the Taser positioned so that they could cross-draw it, the article said.

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New guidance on medical standards for UK policing will be published in 2024. They will update existing Home Office standards from 2004. In advance of this, guidance has been shared with practitioners working in policing on the use of BMI in recruitment.

There have been other instances of a police officer intending to deploy a Taser and discharging a firearm instead, though such errors are not common.

The standard-size grip is taller than the grips on many Tasers, and the weapon's overall weight can be several times greater.

A clip of Officer Potter’s body camera video released by the Brooklyn Center Police Department shows the police trying to handcuff Mr. Wright before he lurches suddenly back into his car. The video then shows Officer Potter’s arm aiming a weapon as her voice shouts “Taser! Taser! Taser!” on the audio.

The standard-size grip is taller than the grips on many Tasers, and the weapon's overall weight can be several times greater.

“Daunte Wright is another Oscar Grant,” an uncle of Mr. Grant, Cephus Johnson, tweeted on Monday. “We seen this before and know exactly how it will play out.”

Another officer on the scene carried his Taser in a holster on his left side, with the grip accessible to his right hand.

It appears that several aspects of how Officer Potter handled her weapons may have violated the protocol laid out in the manual, even if she had drawn her Taser and not her firearm.

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In the absence of other information, obesity does not appear to be a direct cause of medical discharges. Secondary disability due to obesity is a possible reason for a musculoskeletal medical discharge. It might be the case that the other health conditions have contributed to the prevalence of overweight personnel? It is unclear as to the data source for the 5000 discharges due to being overweight or obese.

In most cases in which an officer grabs a pistol instead of a Taser, the confusion occurs under particular circumstances, said Ed Obayashi, an expert in the use of police force and a California deputy sheriff with a legal practice. It can happen when officers carry both weapons on the same side of their body, he said, or when they holster their stun guns on the opposite side of their body in such a way that it is easier for them to reach across their bodies with a dominant hand and cross-draw.

Mr. Wright was shot during a traffic stop less than 10 miles from the courtroom where the trial of Derek Chauvin, the Minneapolis police officer charged with murdering George Floyd last May, is being held. The police in suburban Brooklyn Center said Mr. Wright was initially stopped for driving a vehicle without current registration, and then detained after they determined that a warrant for his arrest had been issued, stemming from a missed hearing on a misdemeanor gun charge.

In conclusion, there is clear evidence that obesity in the armed forces is increasing, and it now affects about 13% population. Questions have been posed about effective leadership and a commitment to the health and wellbeing strategy for the UK armed forces. Similar workforce data for UK policing is lacking. However, it seems likely that obesity may also be a problem that should be addressed. This should not be conflated with the performance of entrance measurements of obesity, which should only relate to the ability to perform the role of a police constable.

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Brooklyn Center Police Department protocol dictates that officers wear their guns on their dominant side and Tasers on the opposite side of their bodies, to reduce the risk that they will confuse the two weapons.

Another officer on the scene carried his Taser in a holster on his left side, with the grip accessible to his right hand.

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As an emergency service, there are standards of fitness to ensure that officers are deployable to the front line. The job-related fitness test, a core component of assessing fitness of recruits, as well as monitoring on-going fitness for personal safety training, is used to measure cardio-respiratory fitness. However, following recruitment, obesity measurement data is not routinely collected for police officer populations. Whereas MOD statistics can be interrogated to provide intelligence on the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure, we are largely ignorant about these important measure in UK policing at a national level.

Evidence suggests, therefore, that the use of the BMI as a criterion of fitness for police officer applicants, on its own, is inappropriate. A pre-placement health assessment should address the relevance of current or previous health conditions and their relevance to the ability to perform the functional requirements of the job.

It is also important not to discriminate unfairly against applicants. Whilst under current legislation employees are not protected from discrimination on the grounds of obesity alone, there is now case law that has determined that being severely overweight, that is with a BMI more than 30 kgm2, can be a disability, if it affects ability to work. Long-term disability caused by obesity, such as impaired mobility, should be protected by disability laws.

The Brooklyn Police Department policy manual states that “all Taser devices shall be clearly and distinctly marked to differentiate them from the duty weapon and any other device.” The manual also says that “officers should not hold both a firearm and the Taser device at the same time.”

When Taser, or any other force is used on an individual, a police officer will always have to justify their actions as being necessary and proportionate under ...

A former 'army chief' is quoted as saying “I believe that young overweight soldiers should be monitored very closely and if their weight cannot be controlled, they should be discharged.” There is a concern that dietary behaviour does not change in line with changes in duties and lifestyle. The current situation has been described as a failure of leadership by 'top brass'.

Similarly, using QRisk an otherwise healthy 25-year old male with a BMI of 35 – 40 kgm2 has a risk of having a heart attack or stroke over the next 10 years of 0.2%. Is that sufficient to reject an applicant? Does having a high BMI affect aerobic capacity? A study in the US, where Cooper tests (push ups, sit ups, sit and reach test and a 2.4 Km run) were introduced to assess physical fitness, found that, whilst a 1% incremental increase in body fat was associated with a decrease in performance, it did not impair candidates from meeting the threshold for fitness. The current UK police job-related fitness test (bleep test) is less demanding than the Cooper tests.