How a large sensor in a smartphone influences image quality - camera sensor

 2024-08-23 02:57:42

Some lenses have a variable focal length (like 18-55mm or 70-200mm) and are called zoom lenses, while others have a fixed focal length (like 50mm or 100mm) and are referred to as prime lenses. The choice between a zoom lens and prime lens is often based on preference and subject matter.

Ideally, you would also remove the deleted items (and their children!) from the “table” object to improve memory usage. This version does that. It also uses Immer to make the update logic more concise.

Focal length is often a photographer’s first consideration when deciding what lens to use to capture a given scene or subject. But what is focal length? And how do photographers use it to create compelling images?

Currently, it stores the selected item as an object in the selectedItem state variable. However, this is not great: the contents of the selectedItem is the same object as one of the items inside the items list. This means that the information about the item itself is duplicated in two places.

Another case where you’ll group data into an object or an array is when you don’t know how many pieces of state you’ll need. For example, it’s helpful when you have a form where the user can add custom fields.

Short focal length lenses are used in architectural, documentary, and landscape photography because they have a wide angle of view. These wide-angle lenses make subjects appear smaller, which requires photographers to stand closer to fill the frame. Short focal lengths are suitable for environmental portraiture, large groups, and small spaces.

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Now let’s say you want to add a button to delete a place you’ve already visited. How would you go about it? Updating nested state involves making copies of objects all the way up from the part that changed. Deleting a deeply nested place would involve copying its entire parent place chain. Such code can be very verbose.

When you write a component that holds some state, you’ll have to make choices about how many state variables to use and what the shape of their data should be. While it’s possible to write correct programs even with a suboptimal state structure, there are a few principles that can guide you to make better choices:

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Focal length is the distance measured in millimeters, between the optical center of the lens and the camera sensor, where the light information is recorded. When light enters the front of a lens, the elements inside the housing bend and shape it so it converges into a single point of focus, known as the “optical center.” It is important to note that this measurement is determined with the camera focused on infinity and that lenses are named by their focal length which can be found on the barrel of the lens.

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Nikon’s crop sensor cameras have a 1.5x magnification, so that same 100mm lens will be the equivalent of 150mm. Some cameras have even smaller sensors, so the magnification will be larger. It’s important to know if your camera has a magnification factor so you can predict focal length adjustments accordingly.

Most will agree that wildlife and sports are best shot with a long telephoto lens, typically greater than 400mm, depending on the animal and event. In fact, one of the golden rules in bird photography is, “No matter how long your lens is, it’s never long enough.”

In a crop sensor camera, the sensor is smaller and will magnify the image accordingly. Canon’s crop sensor will effectively magnify the image by 1.6x. That means a photograph taken with a 100mm lens will be the equivalent of a 160mm (or 1.6 times the focal length).

Once you understand the practical nature of how focal length functions in photography, you’ll be better prepared to choose the proper focal length for your next shoot. Are you looking for a new lens for your camera? Or maybe you want to revamp your setup entirely with a new camera? At Adorama, we have everything you need to get started, with great products from Nikon, Canon, Sony, Fujifilm, Olympus, Panasonic, and other fantastic brands.

You can photograph unmoving objects like rocks, shells, and plants more easily with a shorter focal length, while moving subjects or living creatures are easier to capture with longer focal lengths.

Focal lengths from 70mm to 85mm and above are generally considered longer focal lengths, and they’re often referred to as “telephoto lenses.” Whether you use zoom lenses or prime lenses, you can expect to see compression of distance and less distortion in longer focal lengths.

While this code works, it leaves the door open for “impossible” states. For example, if you forget to call setIsSent and setIsSending together, you may end up in a situation where both isSending and isSent are true at the same time. The more complex your component is, the harder it is to understand what happened.

It’s important for photographers to know the practical effects that focal length has on image-making. The focal length of the lens impacts three key areas:

Notice how if you first click “Choose” on an item and then edit it, the input updates but the label at the bottom does not reflect the edits. This is because you have duplicated state, and you forgot to update selectedItem.

”Mirroring” props into state only makes sense when you want to ignore all updates for a specific prop. By convention, start the prop name with initial or default to clarify that its new values are ignored:

This Clock component receives two props: color and time. When you select a different color in the select box, the Clock component receives a different color prop from its parent component. However, for some reason, the displayed color doesn’t update. Why? Fix the problem.

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This allows photographers to keep distance between themselves and their subjects. As a result, these focal lengths are ideal for situations where you may want to remain unobtrusive, such as sports, wildlife, or wedding photography.

50mm (or the nifty fifty) is generally considered the focal length that most closely approximates the human field of view. Focal lengths closer to 50mm are flexible and used for almost every genre of photography, aside from niche genres that require specialized lenses.

Example Lenses: Full-format approx. 70 – 200mm / Crop sensor approx. 55 – 200mm; Full-frame approx. 300 – 600mm / Crop sensor approx. 200 – 600mm

If you can calculate some information from the component’s props or its existing state variables during rendering, you should not put that information into that component’s state.

How much of the scene a lens shows to the camera sensor. Shorter lens focal lengths have wide angles of view, while long focal lengths have narrower angles of view. Mid-length, around 50mm, have a similar angle of view to the human eye.

As a result, the change handlers don’t need to do anything special to update it. When you call setFirstName or setLastName, you trigger a re-render, and then the next fullName will be calculated from the fresh data.

Great landscapes can be made with any focal length, depending on the composition and feel you’re after. “Classic” landscapes with well-defined foreground, midground, and background elements are usually shot with an ultrawide or wide-angle lens (16-24mm range). For the “compressed” look where far away objects appear close to each other, a telephoto range (200-400mm) may be used.

Classic architecture images of interiors and large building are often taken with an ultrawide angle lens, usually in the 14-21mm range. The wide angle allows you to capture more of the subject in tight environments. The demagnification can also make an area appear more spacious. It’s important to keep the lens/camera system level so straight lines are not distorted.

This form has three state variables: firstName, lastName, and fullName. However, fullName is redundant. You can always calculate fullName from firstName and lastName during render, so remove it from state.

For travel photography, using a zoom lens is convenient because you can achieve a variety of focal lengths with the same lens, allowing you to you carry less equipment. Some photographers prefer prime lenses because they often feature higher quality glass and wider apertures. Ultimately, the decision comes down to personal preference.

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Although you could update selectedItem too, an easier fix is to remove duplication. In this example, instead of a selectedItem object (which creates a duplication with objects inside items), you hold the selectedId in state, and then get the selectedItem by searching the items array for an item with that ID:

A macro lens, used for close-up photography of small subjects like flowers and insects, lets the photographer get physically close to the subject and show it as larger than life within the frame. Macro lenses can have a focal length ranging from 60mm to 200mm. The best focal length is the one that lets you maintain an appropriate distance from the subject.

For portrait photography, you want to choose a focal length that will be flattering to the subject. Try to avoid wide angle lenses, especially if the person is close to the camera or positioned off center as this can exaggerate features. For a head and upper body composition, 50mm is great. If getting a tighter view of the head and shoulders, try 85-90mm. For a pure headshot, then 135-200mm is recommended.

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50mm is generally considered the focal length that most closely approximates the human field of view. Focal lengths closer to 50mm are flexible and used for almost every genre of photography, aside from niche genres that require specialized lenses.

For street photography, 35mm and 50mm are the most popular. The 50mm allows for a more intimate composition, while 35mm will include more of the surrounding to establish context. Some have also recommended 28 or 24mm to provide an even larger field of view to give a better sense of the environment. Often with such wide focal lengths, you’ll want to be closer to the subject.

While the lens controls the angle of view, the field of view in a photograph depends on interaction between the focal length and the camera sensor. Full frame camera sensors capture the full angle of view that the focal length can deliver, but crop sensors can’t capture all the data adequately. So, depending on the crop factor of the sensor, a 35mm focal length could look more like 50mm.

Keep in mind that photos taken at short focal lengths will often experience distortion, particularly around the edges. It’s important to take care if you want to maintain straight lines.

Lenses have a large range of focal lengths from extremely short like 8mm, to extremely long like 600mm and beyond. The best focal length for a photograph varies based on the subject matter and situation. Fortunately, with a DSLR, mirrorless, or other interchangeable lens camera, you can choose the right focal length every time you shoot.

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Here, a color state variable is initialized to the messageColor prop. The problem is that if the parent component passes a different value of messageColor later (for example, 'red' instead of 'blue'), the color state variable would not be updated! The state is only initialized during the first render.

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Sometimes, you can also reduce state nesting by moving some of the nested state into the child components. This works well for ephemeral UI state that doesn’t need to be stored, like whether an item is hovered.

Because cameras feature a variety of sensor sizes, not all models will tell you the true focal length of a lens. Lens focal length is based on a 35mm sensor size, based on 35mm film. Most full frame camera sensors are the equivalent of 35mm, so a 100mm lens will actually have a 100mm focal length.

Is the distance between subjects in a scene. Longer focal lengths compress the distance, making it appear as if the foreground, middle, and background are closer together.Shorter focal lengths increase the appearance of distance between planes.

If your state variable is an object, remember that you can’t update only one field in it without explicitly copying the other fields. For example, you can’t do setPosition({ x: 100 }) in the above example because it would not have the y property at all! Instead, if you wanted to set x alone, you would either do setPosition({ ...position, x: 100 }), or split them into two state variables and do setX(100).

Since isSending and isSent should never be true at the same time, it is better to replace them with one status state variable that may take one of three valid states: 'typing' (initial), 'sending', and 'sent':

Technically, you can use either of these approaches. But if some two state variables always change together, it might be a good idea to unify them into a single state variable. Then you won’t forget to always keep them in sync, like in this example where moving the cursor updates both coordinates of the red dot:

Imagine a travel plan consisting of planets, continents, and countries. You might be tempted to structure its state using nested objects and arrays, like in this example:

The distance between the photographer and the subject, objects will appear smaller in images taken with short focal length lenses, and larger in those with longer focal lengths.

If the state is too nested to update easily, consider making it “flat”. Here is one way you can restructure this data. Instead of a tree-like structure where each place has an array of its child places, you can have each place hold an array of its child place IDs. Then store a mapping from each place ID to the corresponding place.

The goal behind these principles is to make state easy to update without introducing mistakes. Removing redundant and duplicate data from state helps ensure that all its pieces stay in sync. This is similar to how a database engineer might want to “normalize” the database structure to reduce the chance of bugs. To paraphrase Albert Einstein, “Make your state as simple as it can be—but no simpler.”

This is why “mirroring” some prop in a state variable can lead to confusion. Instead, use the messageColor prop directly in your code. If you want to give it a shorter name, use a constant:

Keep in mind that photos taken at short focal lengths will often experience distortion, particularly around the edges. It’s important to take care if you want to maintain straight lines.

Structuring state well can make a difference between a component that is pleasant to modify and debug, and one that is a constant source of bugs. Here are some tips you should consider when structuring state.

You can nest state as much as you like, but making it “flat” can solve numerous problems. It makes state easier to update, and it helps ensure you don’t have duplication in different parts of a nested object.

Now if you edit the selected item, the message below will update immediately. This is because setItems triggers a re-render, and items.find(...) would find the item with the updated title. You didn’t need to hold the selected item in state, because only the selected ID is essential. The rest could be calculated during render.