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The total time needed to perceive and complete a reaction to a sign is the sum of the times necessary for Perception, Identification (understanding), Emotion (decision making), and Volition (execution of decision), and is called the PIEV time. The PIEV time can vary from several seconds for general warning signs to 6 seconds or more for warning signs requiring high road user judgment.

Support: These conflicts might be relatively confined, or might occur randomly over a segment of roadway.

3 Typical condition is the warning of a potential stop situation. Typical signs are Stop Ahead, Yield Ahead, Signal Ahead, and Intersection Warning signs. The distances are based on the 2001 AASHTO Policy, Stopping Sight Distance, Exhibit 3-1, providing a PIEV time of 2.5 seconds, a deceleration rate of 3.4 m/second2, minus the sign legibility distance of 50 m.

Option: The horizontal alignment Turn (W1-1), Curve (W1-2), Reverse Turn (W1-3), Reverse Curve (W1-4), or Winding Road (W1-5) signs (see Figure 2C-1) may be used in advance of situations where the horizontal roadway alignment changes. A One-Direction Large Arrow (W1-6) sign (see Figure 2C-1 and Section 2C.09) may be used on the outside of the turn or curve.

On longer grades, the use of the distance plaque (W7-3a or W7-3b) at periodic intervals of approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) spacing should be considered.

Option: A PHOTO ENFORCED (W16-10) plaque (see Figure 2C-11) may be mounted below a warning sign to advise road users that the regulations associated with the condition being warned about (such as a traffic control signal or a toll plaza) are being enforced by photographic equipment.

The Hill sign and supplemental grade (W7-3) plaque (see Section 2C.48) used in combination, or the W7-1b sign used alone, should be installed in advance of downgrades for the following conditions:

Option: The crossing location may be defined with crosswalk markings (see Section 3B.17).

When an Added Lane sign is to be installed on a roadway that curves before converging with another roadway that has a tangent alignment at the point of convergence, the Entering Roadway Added Lane (W4-6) sign (see Figure 2C-6) should be used to better portray the actual geometric conditions to road users on the curving roadway.

Guidance: A Divided Highway (W6-1) symbol sign (see Figure 2C-3) should be used on the approaches to a section of highway (not an intersection or junction) where the opposing flows of traffic are separated by a median or other physical barrier.

Option: The Truck Rollover Warning sign may be displayed either as a static sign, a static sign supplemented by a flashing warning beacon, or as a changeable message sign activated by the detection of an approaching vehicle with a high center of gravity that is traveling in excess of the recommended speed for the condition.

Option: The Double Arrow (W12-1) sign (see Figure 2C-3) may be used to advise road users that traffic is permitted to pass on either side of an island, obstruction, or gore in the roadway. Traffic separated by this sign may either rejoin or change directions.

Option: A SAND (W7-4d), GRAVEL (W7-4e), or PAVED (W7-4f) supplemental plaque (see Figure 2C-2) may be used to describe the ramp surface. State and local highway agencies may develop appropriate word message signs for the specific situation.

Guidance: A ROAD NARROWS (W5-1) sign (see Figure 2C-3) should be used in advance of a transition on two-lane roads where the pavement width is reduced abruptly to a width such that vehicles might not be able to pass without reducing speed.

Option: The Advisory Speed (W13-1) plaque (see Figure 2C-5) may be used to supplement any warning sign to indicate the advisory speed for a condition.

Standard: The Chevron Alignment sign shall be a vertical rectangle. No border shall be used on the Chevron Alignment sign.

Option: If a series of speed humps exists in close proximity, an Advisory Speed plaque may be eliminated on all but the first SPEED HUMP sign in the series.

Guidance: Because changes in conditions, such as roadway geometrics, surface characteristics, or sight distance, might affect the advisory speed, each location should be periodically evaluated and the Advisory Speed plaque changed if necessary.

If the change in horizontal alignment is 135 degrees or more, the Hairpin Curve (W1-11) sign (see Figure 2C-1) may be used.

Option: A NARROW BRIDGE sign may be used in advance of a bridge or culvert on which the approach shoulders are narrowed or eliminated.

Standard: Supplemental Arrow plaques (see Figure 2C-2) shall have the same legend design as the Advance Turn Arrow and Directional Arrow auxiliary signs (see Sections 2D.25 and 2D.26) except that they shall have a black legend and border on a yellow or fluorescent yellow-green background, as appropriate.

Guidance: Spacing of Chevron Alignment signs should be such that the road user always has at least two in view, until the change in alignment eliminates the need for the signs.

The Two-Direction Large Arrow sign shall not be used where there is no change in the direction of travel such as at the beginnings and ends of medians or at center piers.

The Next Distance (W7-3a and W16-4) plaques (see Figures 2C-2 and 2C-11) may be used to inform road users of the length of roadway over which the condition indicated by the warning sign exists.

Guidance: The Merge sign should be installed on the side of the major roadway where merging traffic will be encountered and in such a position as to not obstruct the road user's view of entering traffic.

Guidance: A Two-Way Traffic (W6-3) sign (see Figure 2C-6) should be used to warn road users of a transition from a multi-lane divided section of roadway to a two-lane, two-way section of roadway.

Option: Vehicular Traffic (W8-6, W11-1, W11-5, W11-5a, W11-8, W11-10, W11-11, W11-12p, W11-14) signs (see Figure 2C-9) may be used to alert road users to locations where unexpected entries into the roadway by trucks, bicyclists, farm vehicles, emergency vehicles, golf carts, horse-drawn vehicles, or other vehicles might occur. The TRUCK CROSSING (W8-6) word message sign may be used as an alternate to the Truck Crossing symbol (W11-10) sign.

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Option: An Advisory Speed (W13-1) plaque (see Section 2C.46) may be used to indicate the speed for the change in horizontal alignment. The supplemental distance plaque NEXT XX km (NEXT XX MILES) (W7-3a) may be installed below the Winding Road sign where continuous roadway curves exist (see Section 2C.45). The combination Horizontal Alignment/Advisory Speed sign (see Section 2C.07), combination Horizontal Alignment/Intersection sign (see Section 2C.08), or the Curve Speed sign (see Section 2C.36) may also be used.

If used, Chevron Alignment signs shall be installed on the outside of a turn or curve, in line with and at approximately a right angle to approaching traffic.

Support: Warning signs call attention to unexpected conditions on or adjacent to a highway or street and to situations that might not be readily apparent to road users. Warning signs alert road users to conditions that might call for a reduction of speed or an action in the interest of safety and efficient traffic operations.

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Standard: If used below a warning sign, the PHOTO ENFORCED plaque shall be a rectangle with a black legend and border on a yellow background.

Option: A Chevron Alignment sign may be used on the far side of an intersection to inform drivers of a change of horizontal alignment for through traffic.

Guidance: The SHOULDER DROP OFF (W8-9a) sign (see Figure 2C-4) should be used when an unprotected shoulder drop-off, adjacent to the travel lane, exceeds 75 mm (3 in) in depth for a significant continuous length along the roadway, based on engineering judgment.

Option: A Cross Road (W2-1) symbol, Side Road (W2-2 or W2-3) symbol, T-Symbol (W2-4), or Y-Symbol (W2-5) sign (see Figure 2C-8) may be used in advance of an intersection to indicate the presence of an intersection and the possibility of turning or entering traffic. The Circular Intersection (W2-6) symbol sign accompanied by an educational TRAFFIC CIRCLE (W16-12p) plaque (see Figure 2C-8) may be installed in advance of a circular intersection.

Standard: The One-Direction Large Arrow sign shall be a horizontal rectangle with an arrow pointing to the left or right.

Standard: When a BE PREPARED TO STOP sign is used in advance of a traffic control signal, it shall be used in addition to a Signal Ahead sign.

2 Typical conditions are locations where the road user must use extra time to adjust speed and change lanes in heavy traffic because of a complex driving situation. Typical signs are Merge and Right Lane Ends. The distances are determined by providing the driver a PIEV time of 14.0 to 14.5 seconds for vehicle maneuvers (2001 AASHTO Policy, Exhibit 3-3, Decision Sight Distance, Avoidance Maneuver E) minus the legibility distance of 50 m for the appropriate sign.

On one-way streets or on divided highways where the width of the median will permit, two Lane Ends signs may be placed facing approaching traffic, one on the right side and the other on the left side or median.

Option: Word message warning signs other than those specified in this Manual may be developed and installed by State and local highway agencies.

Additional shoulder signs should be placed at appropriate intervals along the road where the condition continually exists.

Option: The Chevron Alignment (W1-8) sign (see Figure 2C-1) may be used to provide additional emphasis and guidance for a change in horizontal alignment. A Chevron Alignment sign may be used as an alternate or supplement to standard delineators on curves or to the One-Direction Large Arrow (W1-6) sign.

Nonvehicular signs should be used only at locations where the crossing activity is unexpected or at locations not readily apparent.

Guidance: The One-Direction Large Arrow sign should be visible for a sufficient distance to provide the road user with adequate time to react to the change in alignment.

Guidance: The use of warning signs should be kept to a minimum as the unnecessary use of warning signs tends to breed disrespect for all signs. In situations where the condition or activity is seasonal or temporary, the warning sign should be removed or covered when the condition or activity does not exist.

If the change in horizontal alignment is approximately 270 degrees, such as on a cloverleaf interchange ramp, the 270-degree Loop (W1-15) sign (see Figure 2C-1) may be used.

Where two roadways of approximately equal importance converge, a Merge sign should be placed on each roadway.

The Merge sign should not be used in place of a Lane Ends sign where lanes of traffic moving on a single roadway must merge because of a reduction in the actual or usable pavement width (see Section 2C.33).

Option: The Two-Way Traffic sign may be used at intervals along a two-lane, two-way roadway and may be used to supplement the Divided Highway (Road) Ends (W6-2) sign discussed in Section 2C.19.

Standard: When the W14-1 or W14-2 sign is used, the sign shall be posted as near as practical to the entry point or at a sufficient advance distance to permit the road user to avoid the dead end or no outlet condition by turning off, if possible, at the nearest intersecting street.

Standard: The Two-Direction Large Arrow (W1-7) sign (see Figure 2C-8) shall be a horizontal rectangle.

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Option: The Minimum size may be used on low-speed roadways where the reduced legend size would be adequate for the warning or where physical conditions preclude the use of the other sizes.

Standard: The DIP sign shall not be used at a short stretch of depressed alignment that might momentarily hide a vehicle.

Option: The Turn (W1-1) sign or the Curve (W1-2) sign may be combined with the Cross Road (W2-1) sign or the Side Road (W2-2 or W2-3) sign to create a combination Horizontal Alignment/Intersection (W1-10) sign (see Figure 2C-1) that depicts the condition where an intersection occurs within a turn or curve.

The LOW SHOULDER (W8-9) sign (see Figure 2C-4) may be used to warn of a shoulder condition where there is an elevation difference of less than 75 mm (3 in) between the shoulder and the travel lane.

An advance street name plaque (see Section 2C.49) may be installed above or below an Intersection Warning sign.

Option: The RIGHT (LEFT) LANE ENDS (W9-1) word sign (see Figure 2C-6) may be used in advance of the Lane Ends (W4-2) symbol sign or the LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT (RIGHT) (W9-2) word sign as additional warning or to emphasize that the traffic lane is ending and that a merging maneuver will be required.

Option: An Advance Traffic Control sign may be used for additional emphasis of the primary traffic control device, even when the visibility distance to the device is satisfactory.

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Standard: The use of warning signs shall be based on an engineering study or on engineering judgment.

2 Alignment changes are in opposite directions and are separated by a tangent distance of 180 m (600 ft) or less.

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Word messages (W3-1a, W3-2a, W3-3a) may be used as alternates to the Advance Traffic Control symbol signs.

A Turn (W1-1) or Curve (W1-2) sign with an Advisory Speed (W13-1) plaque may be used in place of a Ramp Speed sign if it is located such that it clearly does not apply to drivers on the main roadway.

Guidance: When used, a Slippery When Wet sign should be placed in advance of the beginning of the affected section (see Table 2C-4), and additional signs should be placed at appropriate intervals along the road where the condition exists.

Support: The curved arrow on the Truck Rollover Warning sign shows the direction of roadway curvature. The truck tips in the opposite direction.

Guidance: The Intersection Warning sign should illustrate and depict the general configuration of the intersecting roadway, such as cross road, side road, T-intersection, or Y-intersection.

The advisory speed may be the 85th-percentile speed of free-flowing traffic, the speed corresponding to a 16-degree ball bank indicator reading, or the speed otherwise determined by an engineering study because of unusual circumstances.

Option: In situations where there is a need to warn drivers in an HOV lane of a specific condition, a HOV (W16-11) plaque (see Figure 2C-11) may be used. The HOV plaque may be used to differentiate a warning sign specific for HOV lanes when the sign is also visible to traffic on the adjoining general purpose roadway. Among the warning signs that may be possible applications of the HOV plaque are the Advisory Speed, Advisory Exit Speed, Added Lane, and Merge signs.

Option: The Turn (W1-1) sign or the Curve (W1-2) sign may be combined with the Advisory Speed (W13-1) plaque (see Section 2C.46) to create a combination Turn/Advisory Speed (W1-1a) sign (see Figure 2C-1), or combination Curve/Advisory Speed (W1-2a) sign (see Figure 2C-1).

Standard: Supplemental plaques shall be used only in combination with warning or regulatory signs. They shall not be mounted alone or displayed alone. If used, a supplemental plaque shall be installed on the same post(s) as the warning sign.

Option: Nonvehicular signs (see Figure 2C-10) may be used to alert road users in advance of locations where unexpected entries into the roadway or shared use of the roadway by pedestrians, animals, and other crossing activities might occur.

Option: The Distance Ahead (W16-2 series and W16-3 series) plaques (see Figure 2C-11) may be used to inform the road user of the distance to the condition indicated by the warning sign.

The Exit Speed sign should be visible in time for the road user to make a reasonably safe slowing and exiting maneuver.

4 Typical conditions are locations where the road user must decrease speed to maneuver through the warned condition. Typical signs are Turn, Curve, Reverse Turn, or Reverse Curve. The distance is determined by providing a 2.5 second PIEV time, a vehicle deceleration rate of 10 ft/second2, minus the sign legibility distance of 250 ft.

Minimum spacing between warning signs with different messages should be based on the estimated PIEV time for driver comprehension of and reaction to the second sign.

Supplemental plaques (see Section 2C.48) and larger signs should be used for emphasis or where special hill characteristics exist. On longer grades, the use of the Hill sign with a distance (W7-3a) plaque or the combination distance/grade (W7-3b) plaque at periodic intervals of approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) spacing should be considered.

Guidance: A ONE LANE BRIDGE (W5-3) sign (see Figure 2C-3) should be used on two-way roadways in advance of any bridge or culvert:

Option: A One-Direction Large Arrow (W1-6) sign (see Figure 2C-1) may be used to delineate a change in horizontal alignment.

These signs should also be installed for steeper grades or where crash experience and field observations indicate a need.

Guidance: The Two-Direction Large Arrow sign should be visible for a sufficient distance to provide the road user with adequate time to react to the intersection configuration.

Guidance: The Hill (W7-1) sign (see Figure 2C-2) should be used in advance of a downgrade where the length, percent of grade, horizontal curvature, and/or other physical features require special precautions on the part of road users.

If used, the Advisory Speed plaque shall carry the message XX km/h (XX MPH). The speed shown shall be a multiple of 10 km/h or 5 mph.

Option: In situations where there is a need to warn drivers to watch for other slower forms of transportation traveling along the highway, such as bicycles, golf carts, horse-drawn vehicles, or farm machinery, a SHARE THE ROAD (W16-1) plaque (see Figure 2C-11) may be used.

The DEAD END (W14-1a) or NO OUTLET (W14-2a) signs shall not be used instead of the W14-1 or W14-2 signs where traffic can proceed straight through the intersection into the dead end street or no outlet area.

Oversized signs and larger sizes may be used for those special applications where speed, volume, or other factors result in conditions where increased emphasis, improved recognition, or increased legibility would be desirable.

Guidance: A Speed Reduction (W3-5 or W3-5a) sign (see Figure 2C-5) should be used to inform road users of a reduced speed zone when engineering judgment indicates the need for advance notice to comply with the posted speed limit ahead.

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Option: One or more Ramp Speed signs may be used along the deceleration lane beyond the gore, or along the ramp (see Figure 2C-7). Based on engineering judgment, the Ramp Speed sign may be installed on the inside or outside of the curve to enhance its visibility.

Option: The advisory speed may be the 85th-percentile speed of free-flowing traffic, the speed corresponding to a 16-degree ball bank indicator reading, or the speed otherwise determined by an engineering study because of unusual circumstances.

Guidance: Warning signs should be placed so that they provide adequate PIEV time. The distances contained in Table 2C-4 are for guidance purposes and should be applied with engineering judgment. Warning signs should not be placed too far in advance of the condition, such that drivers might tend to forget the warning because of other driving distractions, especially in urban areas.

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4 Typical conditions are locations where the road user must decrease speed to maneuver through the warned condition. Typical signs are Turn, Curve, Reverse Turn, or Reverse Curve. The distance is determined by providing a 2.5 second PIEV time, a vehicle deceleration rate of 3 m/second2, minus the sign legibility distance of 75 m.

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Support: These locations might be relatively confined or might occur randomly over a segment of roadway.

Standard: A supplemental plaque shall have the same color legend, border, and background as the warning sign with which it is displayed. Supplemental plaques shall be square or rectangular.

Option: The Emergency Vehicle (W11-8) sign, or a word message sign indicating the type of emergency vehicle (such as rescue squad), may be used in advance of the emergency vehicle station when no emergency-vehicle traffic control signal is present.

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Option: Signs larger than those shown in Tables 2C-2 and 2C-3 may be used (see Section 2A.12).

1 The distances are adjusted for a sign legibility distance of 175 ft for Condition A. The distances for Condition B have been adjusted for a sign legibility distance of 250 ft, which is appropriate for an alignment warning symbol sign.

Guidance: A NARROW BRIDGE (W5-2) sign (see Figure 2C-3) should be used in advance of any bridge or culvert having a two-way roadway clearance width of 4.9 to 5.5 m (16 to 18 ft), or any bridge or culvert having a roadway clearance less than the width of the approach travel lanes.

Additional emphasis should be provided by the use of object markers, delineators, and/or pavement markings.

Option: The Playground (W15-1) sign (see Figure 2C-10) may be used to give advance warning of a designated children's playground that is located adjacent to the road. The Playground sign may have a fluorescent yellow-green background with a black legend and border.

A Curve Speed sign may be used at and beyond the beginning of a curve following a Horizontal Alignment and Advisory Speed sign combination, or when there is a need to remind road users of the recommended speed, or where the recommended speed changes because of a change in curvature (see Section 2C.06). Based on engineering judgement, the Curve Speed sign may be installed on the inside or outside of the curve to enhance its visibility.

When a Merge sign is to be installed on an entering roadway that curves before merging with the major roadway, such as a ramp with a curving horizontal alignment as it approaches the major roadway, the Entering Roadway Merge (W4-5) sign (see Figure 2C-6) should be used to better portray the actual geometric conditions to road users on the entering roadway.

The Freeway and Expressway sizes should be used for higher-speed applications to provide larger signs for increased visibility and recognition.

Guidance: Elements of the combination Horizontal Alignment/Intersection sign related to horizontal alignment should conform to Section 2C.06, and elements related to intersection configuration should conform to Section 2C.37. No more than one Cross Road or two Side Road symbols should be shown on any one combination Horizontal Alignment/Intersection sign.

A Merge sign may also be installed on the side of the entering roadway to warn road users on the entering roadway of the merge condition.

Guidance: A PAVEMENT ENDS (W8-3) word message sign (see Figure 2C-4) should be used where a paved surface changes to either a gravel treated surface or an earth road surface.

Option: An Advance Street Name (W16-8 or W16-8a) plaque (see Figure 2C-11) may be used with any Intersection sign (W2 series) or Advance Traffic Control (W3 series) sign to identify the name of the intersecting street.

At locations where the cross street does not have a name, the W14-1a or W14-2a signs may be used alone in place of a street name sign.

Guidance: The Added Lane (W4-3) sign (see Figure 2C-6) should be installed in advance of a point where two roadways converge and merging movements are not required. When possible, the Added Lane sign should be placed such that it is visible from both roadways; if this is not possible, an Added Lane sign should be placed on the side of each roadway.

Option: The DEAD END (W14-1) sign (see Figure 2C-3) may be used at the entrance of a single road or street that terminates in a dead end or cul-de-sac. The NO OUTLET (W14-2) sign may be used at the entrance to a road or road network from which there is no other exit.

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Standard: Unless a separate left-turn signal face is provided and is operated as described in Section 4D.06, if the possibility exists that a CIRCULAR YELLOW signal indication could be displayed to an approach from which drivers are turning left permissively without the simultaneous display of a CIRCULAR YELLOW signal indication to the opposing approach (see Section 4D.05), either a W25-1 or a W25-2 sign (see Figure 2C-8) shall be installed near the left-most signal head. If the operation described in the previous sentence occurs on a cycle-by-cycle basis during all times that the traffic control signal is operated in the stop-and-go mode, the ONCOMING TRAFFIC HAS EXTENDED GREEN (W25-1) sign shall be used; if the operation occurs only occasionally, the ONCOMING TRAFFIC MAY HAVE EXTENDED GREEN (W25-2) sign shall be used.

Guidance: If the access to the playground area requires a roadway crossing, the application of crosswalk pavement markings (see Section 3B.17) and Nonvehicular signs (see Section 2C.41) should be considered.

Option: The Low Clearance sign may be installed on or in advance of the structure. If a sign is placed on the structure, it may be a rectangular shape (W12-2p) with the appropriate legend (see Figure 2C-3).

The effectiveness of the placement of warning signs should be periodically evaluated under both day and night conditions.

Standard: The Low Clearance (W12-2) sign (see Figure 2C-3) shall be used to warn road users of clearances less than 300 mm (12 in) above the statutory maximum vehicle height.

A BE PREPARED TO STOP (W3-4) sign (see Figure 2C-4) may be used to warn of stopped traffic caused by a traffic control signal or in advance of a section of roadway that regularly experiences traffic congestion.

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Warning signs specified herein cover most of the conditions that are likely to be encountered. Additional warning signs for low-volume roads (as defined in Section 5A.01), temporary traffic control zones, school areas, highway-rail grade crossings, bicycle facilities, and highway-light rail transit grade crossings are discussed in Parts 5 through 10, respectively.

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Where the side roads are not opposite of each other, the symbol for the intersection should indicate a slight offset.

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Pedestrian, Bicycle, and School signs and their related supplemental plaques may have a fluorescent yellow-green background with a black legend and border.

Standard: When the Truck Rollover Warning (W1-13) sign is used, it shall be accompanied by an Advisory Speed (W13-1) plaque indicating the recommended speed for vehicles with a higher center of gravity.

Option: The Slippery When Wet (W8-5) sign (see Figure 2C-4) may be used to warn that a slippery condition might exist.

Option: A supplemental plaque may be displayed with a warning sign when engineering judgment indicates that road users require additional information beyond that contained in the main message of the warning sign.

Guidance: When used, the Exit Speed sign should be installed along the deceleration lane.

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Option: If the reduction in speed is 20 km/h (15 mph) or greater, a supplemental combination Horizontal Alignment/Advisory Speed sign or Curve Speed (W13-5) sign may be installed as near as practical to the point of curvature. If the reduction in speed is 40 km/h (25 mph) or greater, one or more additional Curve Speed signs may be installed along the curve.

Option: Supplemental plaques (see Section 2C.43) with legends such as AHEAD, XX METERS (XX FEET), NEXT XX km (NEXT XX MILES), or SHARE THE ROAD may be mounted below Vehicular Traffic signs to provide advance notice to road users of unexpected entries.

Standard: When engineering judgment determines the need for a horizontal alignment sign, one of the W1-1 through W1-5, W1-10, W1-11 or W1-15 signs shall be used.

Guidance: The actual clearance should be shown on the Low Clearance sign to the nearest 25 mm (1 in) not exceeding the actual clearance. However, in areas that experience changes in temperature causing frost action, a reduction, not exceeding 75 mm (3 in), should be used for this condition.

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Table 2C-4 lists suggested sign placement distances for two conditions. This table is provided as an aid for determining warning sign location.

A supplemental street name plaque (see Section 2C.49) may be installed above or below an Advance Traffic Control sign.

Alternate messages such as TRAFFIC FROM LEFT (RIGHT) DOES NOT STOP or ONCOMING TRAFFIC DOES NOT STOP may be used on the W4-4p plaque when such messages more accurately describe the traffic controls established at the intersection.

Option: A BRIDGE ICES BEFORE ROAD (W8-13) sign (see Figure 2C-4) may be used in advance of bridges to advise bridge users of winter weather conditions.

Except in emergencies or when the condition is temporary, an Advisory Speed plaque shall not be installed until the advisory speed has been determined by an engineering study.

Guidance: If used on an island, the Double Arrow sign should be mounted near the approach end.

Guidance: Vehicular Traffic signs should be used only at locations where the road user's sight distance is restricted, or the condition, activity, or entering traffic would be unexpected.

Option: The CROSS TRAFFIC DOES NOT STOP (W4-4p) plaque (see Figure 2C-8) may be used in combination with a STOP sign when engineering judgment indicates that conditions are present that are causing or could cause drivers to misinterpret the intersection as an all-way stop.

Option: Additional emphasis may be provided by the use of object markers and delineators (see Chapters 3C and 3D). The Advisory Speed (W13-1) plaque (see Section 2C.46) may be used to indicate the recommended speed.

Standard: Advisory Exit, Ramp, and Curve Speed signs shall be vertical rectangles. The advisory Exit Speed (W13-2), Ramp Speed (W13-3), or Curve Speed (W13-5) signs (see Figure 2C-5) shall be used where engineering judgment indicates the need to advise road users of the recommended speed on an exit, a ramp, or a curve.

Intersection Warning signs, other than the Circular Intersection symbol (W2-6) sign and the T-intersection symbol (W2-4) sign, should not be used on approaches controlled by STOP signs, YIELD signs, or signals. The Circular Intersection symbol (W2-6) sign should be installed on the approach to a YIELD sign controlled roundabout intersection.

Guidance: Where an extra lane has been provided for slower moving traffic (see Section 2B.32), a Lane Ends word sign or a Lane Ends (W4-2) symbol sign should be installed in advance of the end of the extra lane.

Guidance: Where applicable, truck escape (or runaway truck) ramp advance warning signs (see Figure 2C-2) should be located approximately 1.6 km (1 mi), and 800 m (0.5 mi) in advance of the grade, and of the ramp. A sign also should be placed at the gore. A RUNAWAY VEHICLES ONLY (R4-10) sign (see Figure 2B-8) should be installed near the ramp entrance to discourage other road users from entering. No Parking (R8-3) signs should be placed near the ramp entrance.

1 The distances are adjusted for a sign legibility distance of 50 m for Condition A. The distances for Condition B have been adjusted for a sign legibility distance of 75 m, which is appropriate for an alignment warning symbol sign.

Chevron Alignment signs should be visible for a sufficient distance to provide the road user with adequate time to react to the change in alignment.

Guidance: BUMP (W8-1) and DIP (W8-2) signs (see Figure 2C-4) should be used to give warning of a sharp rise or depression in the profile of the road.

Option: The Two-Way Traffic (W6-3) symbol sign (see Section 2C.34) may be used to give warning and notice of the transition to a two-lane, two-way section.

Standard: When truck escape ramps are installed, at least one of the W7-4 series signs shall be used.

Standard: The Advance Traffic Control symbol signs (see Figure 2C-4) include the Stop Ahead (W3-1), Yield Ahead (W3-2), and Signal Ahead (W3-3) signs. These signs shall be installed on an approach to a primary traffic control device that is not visible for a sufficient distance to permit the road user to respond to the device (see Table 2C-4). The visibility criteria for a traffic control signal shall be based on having a continuous view of at least two signal faces for the distance specified in Table 4D-1.

If used in front of a pier or obstruction, the Double Arrow sign should be mounted on the face of, or just in front of, the obstruction. Where stripe markings are used on the obstruction, they should be discontinued to leave a 75 mm (3 in) space around the outside of the sign.

The One-Direction Large Arrow sign shall not be used where there is no alignment change in the direction of travel, such as at the beginnings and ends of medians or at center piers.

5 No suggested distances are provided for these speeds, as the placement location is dependent on site conditions and other signing to provide an adequate advance warning for the driver.

Option: Warning signs that advise road users about conditions that are not related to a specific location, such as Deer Crossing or SOFT SHOULDER, may be installed in an appropriate location, based on engineering judgment, since they are not covered in Table 2C-4.

The speed limit displayed on the Speed Reduction sign shall be identical to the speed limit displayed on the subsequent Speed Limit sign.

Guidance: When a fluorescent yellow-green background is used, a systematic approach featuring one background color within a zone or area should be used. The mixing of standard yellow and fluorescent yellow-green backgrounds within a selected site area should be avoided.

Option: A HILL BLOCKS VIEW (W7-6) sign (see Figure 2C-2) may be used in advance of a crest vertical curve to advise road users to reduce speed as they approach and traverse the hill as only limited stopping sight distance is available.

The BRIDGE ICES BEFORE ROAD sign may be removed or covered during seasons of the year when its message is not relevant.

When the Hairpin Curve sign or the 270-degree Loop sign is installed, either a One-Direction Large Arrow (W1-6) sign or Chevron Alignment (W1-8) signs should be installed on the outside of the turn or curve.

Guidance: The LANE ENDS MERGE LEFT (RIGHT) (W9-2) word sign, or the Lane Ends (W4-2) symbol sign, should be used to warn of the reduction in the number of traffic lanes in the direction of travel on a multi-lane highway (see Figure 2C-6).

Guidance: Where intermittent obstructions occur, engineering judgment should determine the treatment to be implemented.

Guidance: When the warning beacon is interconnected with a traffic control signal or queue detection system, the BE PREPARED TO STOP sign should be supplemented with a WHEN FLASHING plaque.

What to bring: • Dress – Appropriate training attire • Department issued TASER holster – if applicable • Duty belt and training pistol (if available)

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Standard: The minimum size for supplemental warning plaques shall be as shown in Table 2C-3.

If the condition or activity is seasonal or temporary, the Vehicular Traffic sign should be removed or covered when the condition or activity does not exist.

Option: Warning signs regarding conditions associated with pedestrians, bicyclists, playgrounds, school buses, and schools may have a black legend and border on a yellow background or a black legend and border on a fluorescent yellow-green background.

A Two-Way Traffic (W6-3) sign with an AHEAD (W16-9p) plaque (see Figure 2C-6) should be used to warn road users of a transition from a one-way street to a two-lane, two-way section of roadway (see Figure 2B-12, Sheet 2 of 2).

3 Typical condition is the warning of a potential stop situation. Typical signs are Stop Ahead, Yield Ahead, Signal Ahead, and Intersection Warning signs. The distances are based on the 2001 AASHTO Policy, Stopping Sight Distance, Exhibit 3-1, providing a PIEV time of 2.5 seconds, a deceleration rate of 11.2 ft/second2, minus the sign legibility distance of 175 ft.

Standard: When used, shoulder signs shall be placed in advance of the condition (see Table 2C-4).

Option: The word message DIVIDED HIGHWAY (W6-1a) or DIVIDED ROAD (W6-1b) sign (see Figure 2C-3) may be used as an alternate to the symbol sign.

Dead end signmeaning

Guidance: If the condition indicated by a warning sign is located on an intersecting road and the distance between the intersection and condition is not sufficient to provide adequate advance placement of the warning sign, a Supplemental Arrow (W16-5p, W16-6p, W16-7p) plaque (see Figure 2C-11) should be used below the warning sign.

Guidance: The SPEED HUMP (W17-1) sign (see Figure 2C-4) should be used to give warning of a vertical deflection in the roadway that is designed to limit the speed of traffic.

Dead End Signwith Arrow

Standard: The Emergency Vehicle (W11-8) sign with the EMERGENCY SIGNAL AHEAD (W11-12p) supplemental plaque (see Figure 2C-9) shall be placed in advance of all emergency-vehicle traffic control signals (see Chapter 4F).

Guidance: A short stretch of depressed alignment that might momentarily hide a vehicle should be treated as a no-passing zone when centerline striping is provided on a two-lane or three-lane road (see Section 3B.02).

Option: These signs may be supplemented with an Advisory Speed plaque (see Section 2C.46).

The diamond symbol may be used instead of the word message HOV on the W16-11 plaque. When appropriate, the words LANE or ONLY may be used on this plaque.

Support: Speed humps generally provide more gradual vertical deflection than speed bumps. Speed bumps limit the speed of traffic more severely than speed humps. However, this difference in engineering terminology is not well known by the public, so for signing purposes the terms are interchangeable.

Standard: All warning signs shall be diamond-shaped (square with one diagonal vertical) with a black legend and border on a yellow background unless specifically designated otherwise. Warning signs shall be designed in accordance with the sizes, shapes, colors, and legends contained in the "Standard Highway Signs" book (see Section 1A.11) .

If used, the SPEED HUMP sign should be supplemented by an Advisory Speed plaque (see Section 2C.46).

Standard: The NO PASSING ZONE (W14-3) sign (see Figure 2C-6) shall be a pennant-shaped isosceles triangle with its longer axis horizontal and pointing to the right. When used, the NO PASSING ZONE sign shall be installed on the left side of the roadway at the beginning of no-passing zones identified by either pavement markings or DO NOT PASS signs or both (see Sections 2B.29 and 3B.02).

The relative importance of the intersecting roadways may be shown by different widths of lines in the symbol.

Support: Permanent obstructions causing the limited visibility might include roadway alignment or structures. Intermittent obstructions might include foliage or parked vehicles.

5 No suggested distances are provided for these speeds, as the placement location is dependent on site conditions and other signing to provide an adequate advance warning for the driver.

The word message DIVIDED HIGHWAY ENDS (W6-2a) or DIVIDED ROAD ENDS (W6-2b) sign (see Figure 2C-3) may be used as an alternate to the symbol sign.

Standard: If used, Speed Reduction signs shall be followed by a Speed Limit (R2-1) sign installed at the beginning of the zone where the speed limit applies.

If used, it shall be installed on the far side of a T-intersection in line with, and at approximately a right angle to, approaching traffic.

3 A Right Reverse Turn (W1-3R), Right Reverse Curve (W1-4R), or Right Winding Road (W1-5R) sign is used if the first change in alignment is to the right; a Left Reverse Turn (W1-3L), Left Reverse Curve (W1-4L), or Left Winding Road (W1-5L) sign is used if the first change in alignment is to the left.

Support: A 10-degree ball-bank indicator reading, formerly used in determining advisory speeds, is based on research from the 1930s. In modern vehicles, the 85th-percentile speed on curves approximates a 16-degree reading. This is the speed at which most drivers' judgment recognizes incipient instability along a ramp or curve.

Option: The BE PREPARED TO STOP sign may be supplemented with a warning beacon (see Section 4K.03).

Where the clearance is less than the legal maximum vehicle height, the W12-2 sign with a supplemental distance plaque should be placed at the nearest intersecting road or wide point in the road at which a vehicle can detour or turn around.

Option: A Merge (W4-1) sign (see Figure 2C-6) may be used to warn road users on the major roadway that merging movements might be encountered in advance of a point where lanes from two separate roadways converge as a single traffic lane and no turning conflict occurs.

Guidance: Hill-Related (W7-2 series, W7-3 series) plaques (see Figure 2C-11) or other appropriate legends and larger signs should be used for emphasis or where special hill characteristics exist.

Option: A Truck Rollover Warning (W1-13) sign (see Figure 2C-1) may be used to warn drivers of vehicles with a high center of gravity, such as trucks, tankers, and recreational vehicles, of a curve or turn having geometric conditions that are prone to cause such vehicles to lose control and overturn.

Standard: When the percent grade is shown, the message X% plaque shall be placed below the inclined ramp/truck symbol (W7-1) or the word message HILL (W7-1a) sign.

Option: An Advisory Speed plaque (see Section 2C.46) may be used when the change in roadway condition requires a reduced speed.

Guidance: A Divided Highway Ends (W6-2) symbol sign (see Figure 2C-3) should be used in advance of the end of a section of physically divided highway (not an intersection or junction) as a warning of two-way traffic ahead.

Option: When used in advance of a crossing, Nonvehicular warning signs may be supplemented with supplemental plaques (see Section 2C.43) with the legend AHEAD, XX METERS (XX FEET), or NEXT XX km (NEXT XX MILES) to provide advance notice to road users of crossing activity.

Option: The word message HILL (W7-1a) sign may be used as an alternate to the symbol (W7-1) sign. The percent grade message may be included within these signs.

DEAD END (W14-1a) or NO OUTLET (W14-2a) signs (see Figure 2C-3) may be used in combination with Street Name (D3-1) signs (see Section 2D.38) to warn turning traffic that the cross street ends in the direction indicated by the arrow.

Standard: When used, the combination Horizontal Alignment/Advisory Speed sign shall supplement other advance warning signs and shall be installed at the beginning of the turn or curve.

In the case of an arch or other structure under which the clearance varies greatly, two or more signs should be used as necessary on the structure itself to give information as to the clearances over the entire roadway.

If used, the One-Direction Large Arrow sign shall be installed on the outside of a turn or curve in line with and at approximately a right angle to approaching traffic.

Guidance: When a HILL BLOCKS VIEW sign is used, it should be supplemented by an Advisory Speed (W13-1) plaque indicating the recommended speed for traveling over the hillcrest based on available stopping sight distance.

Standard: When used at the crossing, Nonvehicular signs shall be supplemented with a diagonal downward pointing arrow (W16-7p) plaque (see Figure 2C-11) showing the location of the crossing.

Option: The SOFT SHOULDER (W8-4) sign (see Figure 2C-4) may be used to warn of a soft shoulder condition.

Standard: The Advisory Speed plaque shall be used where an engineering study indicates a need to advise road users of the advisory speed for a condition.