Occupational hazards for healthcare workers from sharps injuries (including needlestick injury), and other blood or body fluid incidents include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).

This sign warns you that you are coming to a hidden school bus stop. Slow down, drive with extra caution, watch for children and for a school bus with flashing red lights.

A school zone sign is five-sided and has a fluorescent yellow/green background with black symbols. It warns that you are coming to a school zone. Slow down, drive with extra caution and watch for children.

Patients or others exposed to blood or other body fluids/substances must be informed of the exposure by a designated professional, while maintaining confidentiality about the source of the blood. Baseline serum should be collected from the patient and expert counselling provided on the implications of what has happened. PEP, N-PEP and appropriate long-term follow-up should be offered, where applicable. Patient or source refusal for testing and serum storage should be documented.

The exposed person should have a medical evaluation, including information about medications they are taking and underlying medical conditions or circumstances. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (N-PEP) and counselling should be available and offered as appropriate. Treatment should be available during all working hours and on call after hours (for example, through an on-call infectious diseases physician).

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Do not stop in the area between the signs. This means you may not stop your vehicle in this area, even for a moment. (Used in pairs or groups.)

The share the road sign is used to warn motorists that they are to provide safe space on the road for cyclists and other vehicles. This sign also warns motorists and cyclists to exercise additional caution on the upcoming section of road.

Reasonable efforts should be made to identify the source. If the source remains unknown, appropriate follow-up should be determined on an individual basis depending on:

These signs tell you about distances and destinations. They are usually rectangular with a green background and white letters. Other signs with different colours guide you to facilities, services and attractions.

All health services must develop their own infection control protocols for communicable diseases. This includes clear written instructions on the appropriate action to take in the event of an exposure to blood or body fluids/substances, such as needlestick injuries and other blood or body fluid incidents involving either patients or healthcare workers. The protocol should include:

Some informa­tion signs include a numbering system along the bottom of the sign to assist emergency vehicles and drivers in determining an appropriate route.

The speed limit in this zone is lower during school hours. Observe the speed limit shown when the yellow lights are flashing.

These signs warn of unusual temporary conditions such as road work zones, diversions, detours, lane closures or traffic control people on the road. They are usually diamond-shaped with an orange background and black letters or symbols.

Exposure is an injury or incident that involves direct skin contact with a body fluid or substance (listed below), where there is compromised skin integrity (such as an open wound, abrasion or dermatitis) or direct mucous membrane contact.

A yield sign is a triangle with a white background and a red border. It means you must let traffic in the intersection or close to it go first. Stop if necessary and go only when the way is clear.

Indicates areas where the community has identified that there is a special risk to pedestrians. Traffic related offences committed within the zone are subject to increased fines.

These signs, above the road or on the pavement before an intersection, tell drivers the direction they must travel. For example: the driver in lane one must turn left; the driver in lane two must turn left or go straight ahead; and the driver in lane three must turn right.

If PEP is indicated, or if there is a risk of acute infection with HIV, HCV or HBV, advice should be offered on pregnancy and breastfeeding based on an individual risk assessment. In the case of HIV, patients should be advised of the remote risk of seroconversion up to 12 months post-exposure, particularly if specific PEP was undertaken.

This placard indicates a long commercial vehicle, which is a double trailer and can be up to 40 metres in length. It is important to be able to recognize an LCV on the highway, based on rear signage, and anticipate both the extended length and limited speed when preparing to pass one on the highway.

Watch for these signs when driving in designated bilingual areas. Read the messages in the language you understand best. Bilingual messages may be together on the same sign or separate, with an English sign immediately followed by a French sign.

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The Ministry of Transportation strives to be a world leader in moving people and goods safely, efficiently and sustainably to support a globally competitive economy and a high quality of life.

The exposed person should be examined to confirm the nature of exposure and counselled about the possibility of transmission of bloodborne disease.

These signs warn of a school crossing. Watch for children and follow the directions of the crossing guard or school safety patroller.

Exposure incidents that do not occur in a health service should be reported to a general medical practitioner or the emergency department at the nearest hospital.

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Various exit signs are used on freeways. In urban areas, many exit ramps have more than one lane. Overhead and ground-mounted signs help drivers choose the correct lane to exit or stay on the freeway.

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A specialist with knowledge of bloodborne infections should do the follow-up. If it is demonstrated that a person has been exposed to a bloodborne pathogen, they should not donate blood, semen, organs or tissue for 6 months, and should not share implements that may be contaminated with even a small amount of blood (for example, razors or toothbrushes).

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Two roads going in the same direction are about to join into one. Drivers on both roads are equally responsible for seeing that traffic merges smoothly and safely.

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These signs give a direction that must be obeyed. They are usually rectangular or square with a white or black background and black, white or coloured letters. A sign with a green circle means you may or must do the activity shown inside the ring. A red circle with a line through it means the activity shown is not allowed.

This sign on the back of transit buses serves as a reminder to motorists of the law requiring vehicles approaching a bus stopped at a dedicated Bus Stop to yield to the bus, once the bus has signalled its intent to return to the lane.

The exposed person should have a medical evaluation, including information about medications they are taking, and underlying medical conditions or circumstances. All exposed people should be assessed to determine the risk of tetanus.

If the HIV, HBV or HCV status of the source person is unknown, then the source person should be informed of the incident, and their consent sought to test for these viruses, with appropriate pre- and post-test counselling. Their consent to having the information in their patient record used should be also sought. If consent cannot be obtained – for example, if the patient is unconscious or unwilling to consent – then procedures should be followed that comply with legislation in Victoria.

These signs warn of dangerous or unusual conditions ahead such as a curve, turn, dip or sideroad. They are usually diamond-shaped and have a yellow background with black letters or symbols.

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Pavement has been milled or grooved. Your vehicle's stopping ability may be affected so obey the speed limit and drive with extra caution. Motorcyclists may experience reduced traction on these surfaces.

A railway crossing sign is X-shaped with a white background and red outline. It warns that railway tracks cross the road. Watch for this sign. Slow down and look both ways for trains. Be prepared to stop.

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Only public vehicles such as buses, or passenger vehicles carrying a specified minimum number of passengers, may use this lane.

Traffic signs give you important information about the law, warn you about dangerous conditions and help you find your way. Signs use different symbols, colours and shapes for easy identification.

Do not park in the area between the signs. This means you may not stop your vehicle except to load or unload passengers or merchandise. (Used in pairs or groups.)

Roundabout Ahead. Reduce Speed. The counter-clockwise arrows show the direction of vehicle traffic within the roundabout.

The “slow-moving vehicle” sign is an orange triangle with a red border. It alerts other drivers that the vehicle ahead will be travelling at 40 km/h or less. When on a road, farm tractors, farm implements/machinery, and vehicles not capable of sustaining speeds over 40 km/h must display the slow moving vehicle sign. Watch for these slow moving vehicles and reduce your speed as necessary.

The person whose blood or body fluids are the source of an occupational/non-occupational exposure or other injury should be evaluated for infection with HIV, HBV and HCV. Information available in the medical record or from the source person may suggest or rule out infection with each virus. If the source is known to have HIV infection, then information on stage of infection, and current and previous antiretroviral therapy should be gathered and used in deciding the most appropriate regimen of PEP.

This sign is installed on multi-lane highways with no centre median divider. It informs drivers approaching from both directions that they must stop for a school bus when its signal lights are flashing.

Freeway interchanges or exits have numbers that correspond to the distance from the beginning of the freeway. For example, interchange number 204 on Highway 401 is 204 kilometres from Windsor, where the freeway begins. Distances can be calculated by subtracting one interchange number from another.

Exposures include sharps injuries (including needlestick) and splashes into or onto mucous membranes or non-intact skin.

For exposure to skin, the larger the area of skin exposed and the longer the time of contact, the more important it is to verify that all the relevant skin area is intact.

These signs mean lanes are only for specific types of vehicles, either all the time or during certain hours. Different symbols are used for the different types of vehicles. They include: buses, taxis, vehicles with three or more people and bicycles.

If the source person is found to be HIV, HBV and HCV negative, no further follow-up of the exposed person is generally necessary, unless there is reason to suspect the source person is seroconverting to one of these viruses, or was a high risk of bloodborne viral infection at the time of the exposure. If the source is positive for one of these viruses, pregnancy testing should be offered to women of child-bearing age who have been exposed and whose pregnancy status is unknown.

Divided highway begins: traffic travels in both directions on separated roads ahead. Keep to the right-hand road. Each road carries one-way traffic.

For HIV and HBV, the exposed person should be informed of the risk of transmission to sexual and injecting partners for a 6-month period, and be counselled about issues of safe sex and safe injecting.

An option that may be offered to healthcare workers who do not wish to undergo testing at the time of the exposure is to have blood collected and stored but not tested. Blood that is collected and stored for this purpose must be retained for a minimum of 12 months.

If the HCV antibody test is positive, then HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) should be performed to test for HCV RNA. Transmission is much less likely to occur from a source who is PCR negative. The status of the source individual may be known at the time of the incident. In this case the affected person should be managed as described below under ‘Immediate management’. If the source is unknown, the case should be managed as described in ‘Management of the exposed person’.

Source assessment Documentation of exposure Prevention of transmission and exposure/pre-test counselling Baseline serology, if agreed to Referral to specialist physician if PEP commenced Support of significant others

Indicates an upcoming fire truck entrance on the right and vehicles should be prepared to yield to fire trucks entering the roadway.

The exposed person would normally be tested for HIV antibody, HCV antibody and antibody to HBsAg at the time of the injury, to establish their serostatus at the time of the exposure. Expert counselling on the implications of the event, PEP and appropriate long-term follow-up should be offered.

Human body

Truck entrance on the right side of the road ahead. If the sign shows the truck on the left, the entrance is on the left side of the road.

Sharp turn or bend in the road in the direction of the arrow. The checkerboard border warns of danger. Slow down; be careful.

This sign reserves curb area for vehicles displaying a valid Accessible Person Parking Permit picking up and dropping off passengers with disabilities.

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Contaminated clothing should be removed, and the injured area should be washed well with soap and water (an antiseptic could also be applied). Any affected mucous membranes should be flushed with large amounts of water. If the eyes are contaminated, they should be rinsed gently but thoroughly with water or normal saline, while kept open.

EDR signs are used during the unscheduled closure of a provincial highway when OPP detour all traffic off the highway. The EDR markers are located along alternative routes and provide direction to motorists around the closure and back onto the highway.

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If the source person is seronegative for HIV, HBsAg and HCV, baseline testing or further follow-up of the healthcare worker is normally not necessary. If the source person has recently engaged in behaviours that are associated with a risk for transmission of these viruses, baseline and follow-up HIV-antibody testing of the healthcare worker should be considered.

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A stop sign is eight-sided and has a red background with white letters. It means you must come to a complete stop. Stop at the stop line if it is marked on the pavement. If there is no stop line, stop at the crosswalk. If there is no crosswalk, stop at the edge of the sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge of the intersection. Wait until the way is clear before entering the intersection.

These signs change according to traffic conditions to give drivers current information on delays and lane closures ahead.

Treatment protocols should include removal of contaminated clothing and thorough washing of the injured area with soap and water. Affected mucous membranes should be flushed with large amounts of water. Eyes should be flushed gently.

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Sometimes one or more lanes may lead off the freeway. The arrows matching the exit lanes are shown on the advance sign in a yellow box with the word ‘exit' under them.

Do not stand in the area between the signs. This means you may not stop your vehicle in this area except while loading or unloading passengers. (Used in pairs or groups.)