📷 Cameras are our way to create memories — instants preserved forever — from what we can see. However, their electronic eyes have some limitations when it comes to how much of those memories they record. We may need to think beforehand about what we want to include in our pictures, and many photographers find it helpful to know their cameras' field of view.

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Angle of view allows the creative to manage what is in and what is not in frame in conjunction with other conscious actions such as framing and composition.  Understanding how focal length changes with sensor size can be helpful, but it may be simpler to not worry about the focal length and simply drive to the angle of view that you want.

The sensor size of your camera significantly affects the quality of your pictures. A camera with a larger sensor will give you a wider field of view for the same lens, maintaining the same magnification: your subject will be surrounded by more background. The advantages are relative, though: when printing the photograph in the same format, a larger field of view will necessarily translate to a lower magnification.

FOVcalculator

Here is the lack of absoluteness of the field of view: its value varies with the distance between the camera and the subject. That's why in the same angle of view, you can fit both the Moon and a passenger airplane.

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Using angles, it is 26.5° × 17.7°, vertical and horizontal angle of view, respectively. To calculate these values, input them in the angle of view formula:

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That is an extremely wide angle of view: it covers 170017001700 square degrees! However, you need almost 20 of these fields to capture a true 260°260\degree260° picture.

35mm equivalentfocal length

What can you capture with this lens? For a distance d=200 md=200\ \text{m}d=200 m, the angle of view converts into the respective linear field of views:

As for the angle of view, you can identify three quantities associated with the field of view: a horizontal length, a vertical length, and a diagonal length. To calculate the field of view fovi\text{fov}_ifovi​ of a camera in each of the three possible directions, use the following formula:

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When we use angles to define the dimensions of a picture, we talk of the angle of view. The angle of view is pretty easy to visualize: your camera lies at the center of a sphere, and connecting the angles of the scene you are capturing to its center gives you a set of three angles:

Ever since makers starting building cameras using the focal lengths from 35mm film attached to sensors that were not the same size as a 35mm negative we have had to deal with the silliness of crop factor.  Let's consider this real world situation that I heard in a store.

Even if angles are easy to visualize, they can be hard to estimate (how wide is 5°5\degree5°?). The field of view comes in handy to complement the idea of the angle of view.

Why the tiny iii, you ask? This formula holds for all the three possible directions on the sensor: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal.

Whether you are planning a photoshoot or just a photography enthusiast, our camera field of view calculator will help you learn the whole picture.

This chart will not cover every possible angle of view, but it does provide some very common examples, and you will start to see why you may choose a full frame sensor if you want to go really wide, or maybe a micro four thirds for a super telephoto that doesn’t require the assistance of the Hulk to carry around. There are other factors that come to bear based on sensor size, but that’s a different conversation.

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The concepts are used almost interchangeably, as they define the same concept. However, their definitions are different. Let's discover them in detail.

FoVcalculation

What we can conclude from the chart is that to achieve the same angle of view, our actual focal length choices will vary by sensor size.  So are we really more concerned about a specific focal length number or the angle of view?  The answer, the majority of the time is the angle of view.

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Think about the Moon for a second more. You managed to fit it into your picture — your sensor! We are talking of a 3,500 km3,500\ \text{km}3,500 km body. You can take a picture of a plane passing between you and our satellite with some luck and good timing. A B747 flying at 6.5 km6.5\ \text{km}6.5 km would almost eclipse the Moon, fitting perfectly in the picture together. Does it mean the jumbo jet is really that jumbo, or that the field of view can be a relative concept, too?

fov是什么

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The seller is accurate, but unfortunately not helping.  This kind of discussion goes on every day in the world of digital photography and breeds all kinds of back and forth about what’s better.  It applies less for folks shooting micro four-thirds because the focal length numbers are actually correct for the sensor size.

This is why I encourage people not to get all hung up on focal lengths, far better to try different lenses and find one that fits your goals.  Zoom lenses tend to be great places to start to solve this problem because by moving the elements in a zoom, we can obtain a range of angles of view across the zoom range.  In fairness we usually do not think in terms of angle of view, so the idea of focal length is a simple way to define a coverage angle.  We all know that an 11mm-24mm zoom has a range of wider angles of view, than a 70mm-200mm lens.

🙋 To find the size of your sensor, search on Google "[your camera model] sensor size": you will easily find the correct values!

If we use the Nikon/Sony crop sensor example we see that to get the same angle of view as is found on a 300mm lens on a full frame camera, we need only mount a lens labeled 200mm.  This lens will be likely physically smaller and perhaps lighter and less expensive. However, this lens which is stenciled for full frame but is built for crop sensor will not work completely on a full frame camera.

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Take the diverging lines from the sphere's center to the corner of the scene, and stop them at a certain distance ddd. Now, draw the corresponding rectangle: you will obtain a set of measurements we call the field of view at a distance ddd.

Equivalentfocal lengthcalculator

What we learn from this chart is that with lenses on crop sensor bodies, the focal length numbers that are stenciled on the lens do not provide the same angle of view as on full frame.  So, if you have an 18-55mm lens on your crop sensor and set it at 18mm, the angle of view is actually much more like the angle of view of a 28mm on full frame. There are many reasons why makers did not modify the markings on their lenses for crop sensor cameras, very few of which are customer oriented.

Seller : “You are correct!  You have a crop sensor camera, so when you mount a 35mm lens, it’s not really a 35mm look, it looks like a 52.5mm lens”

Canon produces a rectilinear 11-24 mm\text{11-24 mm}11-24 mm lens — which is insane — that allows capturing sharp wide-angle images. How wide? Let's mount the lens on a Canon EOS 550D and calculate this camera field of view!

What most of us are really looking for is control of what shows up on the image. For the vast majority, we could not care less about focal length numbers, what we really care about is what the sensor captures and how that communicates the image that we want to make and the story that we want to tell.

The Canon EOS 550D has a sensor size 22.3×14.9 mm22.3\times14.9\ \text{mm}22.3×14.9 mm, which allows us to calculate both the horizontal and the vertical angle of view. Let's not be extreme and use the 24 mm24\ \text{mm}24 mm focal length.

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As a rule of thumb, the higher the magnification of the lens is, the smaller the angle of view. If you manage to fit the Moon in your picture, the vertical angle of view would be around half a degree, but this feat requires a pretty high magnification. On the other hand, a 55 mm55\ \text{mm}55 mm lens on an SLR (single-lens reflex) camera will give you a horizontal angle of view of about 20°20\degree20°.

It's really not about the numbers at all, they are just measurements that only matter when you use them as guides for defining the angle of view that you desire. A Bugatti Chiron delivers a maximum of 1500 brake horsepower, yet it doesn’t matter for a drive to the milk store. Choose your lens and angle of view range based on what you want to get out of your images and let the focal length numbers fall where they do.

🙋 You can use our camera field of view calculator to find the values of the angles and fields of view and to calculate the needed focal length of the lens you need to mount to obtain a particular field of view. We locked the variables associated with the sensor's size: it's unlikely you will change it instead of the lens!

A rectilinear lens is a lens that preserves orthogonality: two straight, perpendicular lines in the real world are depicted as straight, perpendicular eyes by a rectilinear lens. A fisheye lens, on the other hand, distorts them — a small price to pay for an extremely wide field of view!

A camera captures a rectangular portion of the real world, projecting it onto its sensor. We identified two possible ways to measure the size of that portion:

The two first ones define the width and height of the rectangle corresponding to our sensor. Notice that these quantities are absolute: you can place the "sphere" as far as you like (even at an infinite distance), and the angle of view will still be the same.

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The concept of field of view is not unique to photography: check how it differs for astronomers at our telescope field of view calculator. 🔭

The combination of focal length and sensor size go together to define the diagonal angle of view, basically a measure of the angle between the two farthest separated points the in the frame, the diagonally opposite corners.

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Focal length

The basic concept underlying the entire matter is that cameras can capture a single, defined portion of the real-world at once. How significant this portion depends on the camera set-up, particularly on the type of lens and camera body used by the photographer.

We define both quantities for three spatial directions, which allows us to calculate a vertical, diagonal, and horizontal field of view for a camera set-up, alongside the respective angles of view.

Refine your photographic knowledge with our dedicated tools like the depth of field calculator and our magnification of a lens calculator. Cheese! 📸

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You already know what the iii means and ddd is the distance at which the field of view is measured. Remember to use the correct dimension of your sensor: you want to use its length to calculate the horizontal field of view of your camera, not the vertical one... unless you are taking a portrait picture.

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FOV to focal lengthcalculator

Anyhow back to the premise.  I meet lots of newer creatives, whether shooting stills or video and they are rarely concerned about the physical focal length of a lens, which is particularly irrelevant as an indicator when crop sensor cameras get involved as they always reference lenses as if they are full frame even when not.  What real creatives are concerned about is the image and what goes in it and what does not.  This is partially managed by angle of view.

With our tool, you will be able to calculate the camera's field of view (any camera!), and not only that, there is more to it. Keep reading to discover:

We want to control what goes onto the sensor, and we use position, technique and different lenses to achieve our goals.  If we are in a small room and want to get the whole thing in, we would typically go to a wide-angle lens.  Does the focal length number really matter?  It does not, what matters is if we have enough angle of view to obtain our goal.

Customer : “I have a Nikon.  It has a crop factor of 1.5.  If I buy a lens that says it is 35mm, it doesn’t look the same as pictures that I took with my old Nikon film camera.  This is so confusing.”

The solid angle covered by this set-up is about 272727 square degrees for the vertical one! If you want to take a 360°360\degree360° picture, you'll need more than 150015001500 shots! But at a distance of 200 m200\ \text{m}200 m you would be able to picture an area of 45 m×30 m45\ \text{m}\times 30\ \text{m}45 m×30 m: good enough to take some exciting wildlife pictures without disturbing anyone!

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The angle of view of a camera is an absolute measure of the horizontal and vertical angles captured by a combination of camera and lens. The field of view measures the same concept but uses lengths. Since the angles don't change, the field of view depends on the distance: specifically, it increases alongside it.

Contrary to some tall tales, crop factor is simply a mathematical factor that describes the percentage change of a given sensor based against an established standard of full frame 35mm negative size.  Some cameras such as micro four thirds actually label their lenses properly for the sensor size in use, but all crop sensor cameras be they DSLR or Mirrorless do not.  Thus, we must apply crop factor math to achieve the angle of view that we desire.

⚠️ There is quite a bit of confusion online (and not only) on the matter, with various definitions and interpretations. Here we gave the one that makes the most sense for us, but feel free to disagree and let us know!

I wrote an article some months ago for the folks at Henry's on the subject of why angle of view might be more relevant to photographers than focal length.  It was well received, although one fellow got his shorts in a knot because he didn't like the approach, although he agreed that everything I wrote was true.  It's fair to disagree on approach, but when it gets coupled with insults, that's indicative of immaturity and a desperate need to get a life.  The internet enables people to trash others by hiding in anonymity.  So here's the deal.  You don't have to agree and if you really hate what I write, that's cool and move along.

That is more than enough to fit the whole Colosseum in Rome in a single picture. And all of this standing barely more than the diameter of the arena itself away!

On the other hand, let's calculate the camera field of view for a typical telephoto lens set-up. We keep the same camera but mount a 200 mm200\ \text{mm}200 mm lens. Insert the values in the appropriate fields of our camera field of view calculator and calculate the angles of view in this case:

It's impossible to define a typical field of view of a camera: it depends on the lens you are mounting at the moment. However, we can give you some practical examples.

Have an idea for an article or tutorial?  Do you have a question photo or video unrelated to this article?  Send me an email directly at ross@thephotovideoguy.ca or post in the comments.

fov和焦距的关系

In an article that I wrote on the fallacy of lens compression, I included an image with coverage frames overlaid on it to show the angle of view for a fixed shooting position and a fixed subject distance.  Here I will do the same thing, however this time, I will enhance the frames to include the angle of view and labeled focal length using 35mm full frame as a base line, and then you can use the chart above to find the stenciled focal length for your sensor.

Some makers, such as Fujifilm, use the full frame numbering system even though they only make one sensor size.  So, when Fujifilm released their very fast and optically excellent 56mm, it was built to deliver the same angle of view as an 85mm on full frame.  This was necessary to get film camera shooters to embrace the idea of crop sensors, because they thought more about angle of view than they did focal length numbers or sensor size.

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Do you want to learn more about the fundamental of photography with a slight technical twist? We made the right calculators for you: the aspect ratio calculator and the crop factor calculator!

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