(c) Class 4.3, Water-reactive Substances, which consists of substances that, in tests performed in accordance with section 2.4.4.2 of Chapter 2.4 of the UN Recommendations, emit a flammable gas at a rate greater than 1 L/kg of substance per hour or spontaneously ignite at any step in the test procedure.

(c) Class 1.3, fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or both but not a mass explosion hazard;

(vi) are in the list of currently assigned self-reactive substances in section 2.4.2.3.2.3 of Chapter 2.4 of the UN Recommendations;

(2) The exemption set out in paragraph (1)(d) applies only if the light bulbs are packaged so that any pieces of a ruptured bulb are contained by the packaging.

(i) determine the contributing number (CN) of each of the gases with an LC50 less than or equal to the toxic limit using the formula

(a) polymerizing substance that is in a small means of containment prescribed by TP 14850 or Chapter 6.1 of the UN Recommendations or in an intermediate bulk container (IBC) and whose self-accelerating polymerization temperature (SAPT) is 50°C or less in the small means of containment or IBC; and

(2) For the purposes of subparagraph (1)(a)(iv.1), a substance is considered to be a polymerizing substance of Class 4.1 if it

2.18 (1) Substances that are liquids or liquids containing solids in solution or suspension are included in Class 3, Flammable Liquids, if they

(a) has a self-accelerating polymerization temperature (SAPT) that is less than or equal to 75°C under the conditions in which the substance or mixture is to be transported, with or without chemical stabilization as offered for transport, and in the means of containment in which the substance or mixture is to be transported;

(6) The dangerous goods are forbidden for transport when they are included in Packing Group I for toxicity or corrosiveness.

Dg Class2

(2) Despite paragraph (1)(a), liquids that have a flash point greater than 35°C are not included in Class 3, Flammable Liquids, if they

(a) do not sustain combustion, as determined in accordance with the sustained combustibility test referred to in section 2.3.1.3 of Chapter 2.3 of the UN Recommendations;

(a) have a flash point less than or equal to 60ºC using the closed-cup test method referred to in Chapter 2.3 of the UN Recommendations; or

(5) The dangerous goods must have a subsidiary class of 6.1, Toxic Substances, or Class 8, Corrosive Substances, if the dangerous goods – other than the propellant to be ejected from the aerosol container – are included in Class 6.1, Toxic Substances, Packing Groups II or III, or Class 8, Corrosive Substances, Packing Groups II or III.

The product idea had been kicked around at Axon since at least 2019 and the company has been working to try to figure out whether a drone with a Taser was even a feasible idea. Over the last year, the company created computer-generated art renderings to mock up a product design and conducted an internal test to see if Taser darts — which transmit an immobilizing electric jolt — could be fired from a flying drone, Smith said. He added that he had discussed the possibility of developing such a product with the ethics board.

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(ii) self-heating substances that, when in large amounts (kilograms), spontaneously ignite on contact with air after long periods (hours or days), as determined in accordance with section 2.4.3.2 of Chapter 2.4 of the UN Recommendations; and

(b) a polymerizing substance that is in a large means of containment that is not an IBC and whose SAPT is 45°C or less in the large means of containment.

(3) Despite paragraph (1)(b), a viscous flammable liquid that has a flash point less than 23°C may be included in Packing Group III if

(a) in Class 2.1, Flammable Gases, if the dangerous goods contain at least 85% by mass of flammable components and the chemical heat of combustion is greater than or equal to 30 kJ/g; or

(b) less than 3% of the clear solvent layer separates when the solvent separation test set out in subsection 32.5.1 of Part III of the Manual of Tests and Criteria is carried out;

(a) Packing Group I, if they have an initial boiling point of 35°C or less at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa and any flash point;

Friedman and Calo both described this week's process as a sharp turnaround from the respectful relationship that Axon executives have had with the board in recent years on controversial topics such as face recognition — which Axon decided against using in its body cameras — and automated license plate readers.

Dg Class4

"This particular idea is crackpot," said Barry Friedman, a New York University law professor who sits on the Axon AI Ethics Board. "Drones can't fly through closed doors. The physical properties of the universe still hold. So unless you have a drone in every single classroom in America, which seems insane, the idea just isn't going to work."

"This is an idea that should get into the public's consciousness while our minds are open to it and I felt if I wait another six months, the world is going to change and people are going to forget this pain and we're going to see a shift in sentiments where people are going to focus a lot more on what could go wrong, rather than the pain of this problem we need to solve," he said.

(a) if the mixture contains only one gas with an LC50 less than or equal to the toxic limit (called “Gas A”), use the following calculation:

DG Class9

Smith said the company is still in the very early phases of product development and would continue to consult the ethics board, along with law enforcement officials, community leaders and school officials. He acknowledged that the company might later determine that the idea isn't feasible and abandon it.

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Axon's stock price rose with the news. But the announcement angered members of the ethics board, some of whom are now likely to quit in protest.

(b) are intended or expected to be at a temperature that is greater than or equal to their flash point at any time while the substances are in transport.

"We're doing this because we care," Smith said. "We're a business so ultimately we have to find a financial model that works, but at the end of the day we've been successful because our mission drives our business and we solve problems we care about," he added.

Some of them expressed reservations about weaponizing drones in over-policed communities of color. But they were not expecting Axon's Thursday announcement that it wants to send those Taser-equipped drones into classrooms to prevent mass shootings by immobilizing an intruding gunman.

(d) the viscosity test is carried out in accordance with the procedure set out in subsection 32.4 of Part III of the Manual of Tests and Criteria or the procedure set out in ISO 2431.

Smith told a Reddit user that Axon was "absolutely not" trying to capitalize on recent tragedies to attract investors. He noted the advisory board's disagreements but said the mass shooting in Uvalde, Texas — and what he described as misguided proposals to arm teachers with guns — compelled him to go public with the drone idea to field a "far broader array of voices."

(i) pyrophoric substances that spontaneously ignite within 5 minutes after coming into contact with air, as determined in accordance with section 2.4.3.2 of Chapter 2.4 of the UN Recommendations, and

(b) Packing Group II, if they have an initial boiling point greater than 35°C at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa and a flash point less than 23°C; or

(iii) solid desensitized explosives, which are solid explosives desensitized through wetting with water or alcohols or diluted with other substances to form a homogeneous solid mixture to suppress their explosive properties so that they are not included in Class 1, Explosives,

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(3) The dangerous goods must be classified in accordance with section 31 of Part III of the Manual of Tests and Criteria.

DG Class6

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(i) are known to be toxic or corrosive to humans according to CGA P-20, ISO Standard 10298 or other documentary evidence published in technical journals or government publications, or

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DG Class8

This photo provided by Axon Enterprise depicts a conceptual design through a computer-generated rendering of a taser drone. Axon Enterprise, Inc. via AP hide caption

Friedman said it was a "dangerous and fantastical idea" that went far beyond the proposal for a Taser-equipped police drone that board members — some of them former or current police officials — had been debating in recent months.

(b) Class 2.2, Non-flammable and Non-toxic Gases, which consists of gases that are transported at an absolute pressure greater than or equal to 280 kPa at 20°C, or as refrigerated liquids, and that are not included in Class 2.1, Flammable Gases, or Class 2.3, Toxic Gases; and

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"Sometimes the company takes our advice and sometimes it doesn't," Friedman said. "What's important is that happens after thoughtful discussion and coordination. That was thrown out the window here."

The publicly traded company, which sells Tasers and police body cameras, floated the idea of a new police drone product last year to its artificial intelligence ethics board, a group of well-respected experts in technology, policing and privacy.

(b) in Class 2.2, Non-flammable and Non-toxic Gases, if the dangerous goods contain not more than 1% by mass of flammable components and the heat of combustion is less than 20 kJ/g.

But he stressed Friday that no product had been launched and any potential launch would be down the road. The idea, he felt, needed to be shared now because of the public conversation about effective ways for police to safely confront attackers and how schools can increase safety.

(b) if the mixture contains more than one gas with an LC50 less than or equal to the toxic limit (called “Gas A”, “Gas B”, etc.),

(ii) combine the contributing numbers (CN) of each gas with an LC50 less than or equal to the toxic limit using the formula

(ii) have a flammability range with air of at least 12 percentage points determined in accordance with tests or calculations in ISO 10156;

"I hope they don't resign," he added. "I hope that they are somewhat proud maybe after this that we're having this public debate."

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Class 3flammable liquids transportation

(iv.1) polymerizing substances that, without stabilization, are liable to undergo a strongly exothermic reaction resulting in the formation of larger molecules or resulting in the formation of polymers under conditions normally encountered in transport,

2.21.1 A person must not offer for transport, handle or transport the following polymerizing substances unless they are stabilized by temperature control:

This photo provided by Axon Enterprise depicts a conceptual design through a computer-generated rendering of a taser drone.

But he took issue with the idea that he had ignored the concerns from the ethics board, which is meant to provide guidance and share feedback. Ultimately, the decision still falls to Smith as the company's chief executive.

(3.1) If a liquid referred to in subsection (3) is a non-Newtonian substance or a flow cup method of viscosity determination is unsuitable, a variable shear-rate viscometer must be used to determine the dynamic viscosity coefficient of the liquid, at 23°C, at a number of shear rates. The values obtained must be plotted against shear rate and then extrapolated to zero shear rate. The dynamic viscosity value thus obtained, divided by the density, gives the apparent kinematic viscosity at near-zero shear rate.

(iv) self-reactive substances that are liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decomposition even without the participation of oxygen (air), as determined in accordance with section 2.4.2.3 of Chapter 2.4 of the UN Recommendations, but Class 4.1 does not include substances that have

Class 3dangerous goods examples

(b) designed to produce an explosive or pyrotechnic effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of those means as a result of non-detonative, self-sustaining exothermic chemical reactions.

(a) capable, by chemical reaction, of producing gas at a temperature, pressure and speed that would damage the surroundings; or

On Friday, in an "Ask Me Anything" chat on the online forum Reddit, Smith acknowledged that "drones in schools can sound nuts" but went on to answer detailed questions about them. They could travel through school vents, he said, and perch on doors and walls near ceilings. It could be a "good thing" if a gunman tried to shoot one down because it would distract from trying to kill people.

2.20 Substances are included in Class 4 if they are flammable solids, substances liable to spontaneous combustion or substances that on contact with water emit flammable gases (water-reactive substances) and meet the criteria for inclusion in one of the divisions and packing groups of Class 4.

(C) a self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) that is greater than 75°C for a 50 kg means of containment, as determined in accordance with section 2.4.2.3.4 of Chapter 2.4 of the UN Recommendations,

2.14.2 (1) These Regulations, except for Part 1 (Coming into Force, Repeal, Interpretation, General Provisions and Special Cases) and Part 2 (Classification) do not apply to gases included in Class 2.2, Non-flammable and Non-toxic Gases that are contained

Board members who spoke with The Associated Press said they were taken aback by the school drone proposal — which they got notice of only earlier this week — and cobbled together a unanimous statement of concern that described Axon's decision as "deeply regrettable." The company tweeted out the board's dissent shortly after its own statement in a Thursday announcement.

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2.17 To determine the LC50 of a mixture of gases when the LC50 of each of the gases is known, use 5 000 mL/m3 as the toxic limit and,

Class 3flammable liquids list

Taser developer Axon said this week it is working to build drones armed with the electric stunning weapons that could fly in schools and "help prevent the next Uvalde, Sandy Hook, or Columbine." But its own technology advisers quickly panned the idea as a dangerous fantasy.

In an interview with The Associated Press, Axon founder and CEO Rick Smith said he felt compelled to make the idea public after the mass shooting at an Uvalde, Texas, elementary school, saying he was "catastrophically disappointed" in the response by police who didn't move in to kill the suspect for more than an hour.

2.11 Explosives are divided into 13 compatibility groups as described in Appendix 2, Description of Compatibility Groups, Class 1, Explosives, to this Part.

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"I wouldn't be surprised if there were resignations," said another ethics board member, Ryan Calo, a law professor at the University of Washington. "I think everyone on the board has to make a choice about whether they want to stay involved."

(b) when the packing group is reasonably believed or is known to be Packing Group II or III, the consignor may include the dangerous goods in Packing Group II but, if the substance has the same characteristics as UN1203, GASOLINE, it may also be transported as Packing Group II.

"I have not ignored what they have said. People can have debates and disagree," Smith said. "I think there is one thing the world can see: Our board is not a whitewash."