They were inspired in the design of the ‘fire drone’ from nature, or more exactly, from animals like penguins, the polar fox, and certain beetles that all live at extreme temperatures. All these animals have corresponding layers of fat, fur, or produce their own protective layers from a temperature-regulating material that allows them to survive under extreme conditions.

The fire brigade expert Stefan Keller was impressed with the results: “If a drone can make a first assessment of the situation, we don’t have to send firefighters into the danger zone immediately. This is an enormously interesting step forward for us.”

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This is an aerogel, an ultra-light material that consists almost completely of air-filled pores that are covered by a skin of a polymer substance. In this case, the material researchers used an aerogel on the basis of a polyamide plastic. Polyamide aerogels are also being researched by NASA, among other reasons for insulation in space suits.

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It was therefore the aim of the robotics researcher to develop a drone that could withstand the heat and quickly provide precise info about the center of the fire.

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“The extreme heat of a fire is too much for normal drones to be able to fly closer,” says David Häusermann of the Sustainability Robotics Lab at Empa. The frame would melt and the electronics would fail close to the fire. Conventional drones can only provide aerial images of the fire from a safe distance.”

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The design that the researchers published in the “Advanced Intelligent Systems”“ newssheet was impressive during the ‘dry run’. Whether the drone would survive a real fire had to be tested under realistic conditions.

The Toronto Police Services Board (the Board) is committed to providing fair, effective, efficient, equitable and accountable policing services to the members of all of our communities, in accordance with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Human Rights Code of Ontario. The Board is also committed to ensuring that the inherent worth and dignity of all individuals who come into contact with police is respected in all interactions.

In addition, body-worn cameras are an effective tool for gathering evidence and providing a more accurate record of events, thus improving the work of the criminal justice system as a whole.

It is the purpose of this Policy to authorize the Service to deploy and use body-worn cameras and to ensure that their use by the Service occurs in such a way as to ensure the following public interests are served:

The FireDrone could also be used in extremely cold environments, such as in polar regions and on glaciers. The team also tested the drone in a glacier tunnel in Switzerland to see how the system behaved in very cold temperatures. Discussions are already underway with potential commercial partners on developing the prototype further.

“The firefighters don’t know what they will encounter and what difficulties they will face before they enter the danger zone,” says Mirko Kovač, head of the ‘Sustainability Robotics Labʼ at Empa as well as the ʻAerial Robotics Labʼ at Imperial College London. Drones equipped with cameras and CO₂ detectors (carbon dioxide) can provide valuable information about the extent of the fire, unexpected dangers or trapped people.

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“Laboratory analysis has shown that this comparatively fire resistant material is particularly well-suited for use in drones,” says aerogel researcher Shanyu Zhao.

The prototype of the ‘FireDrone’ already did well during the first tests in the flight arena at Empa in Dübendorf. The flying characteristics and control of the approximately 50 centimeter drone were excellent, even when fitted with the aerogel insulation jacket and an additional cooling system as well as aluminum wrapping to reflect heat.

Drones can assist in such scenarios: researchers at Empa and The Imperial College London are developing a heat-resistant drone that can deliver initial information about the danger situation. This enables the men and women of the brigade to adjust their strategy before they attack the inferno.

“The use of drones has so far been limited by environmental factors such as extreme temperatures,” says Mirko Kovač. “The FireDrone has demonstrated a way to considerably extend their application in the future under extreme conditions.”

Drones are already being used for firefighting to take aerial pictures, to lift hoses onto high buildings or to drop extinguishant in remote areas, to stop the spread of forest fires for example – but always at a safe distance from the actual fire.

By recording interactions with members of the public, body-worn cameras have been advanced as one way to increase transparency, enhance accountability for rights protections and situations in which force is used during an interaction with police, and improve law enforcement practices by identifying where a need may exist for additional training, supervision or discipline. Body-worn cameras will also enable the timely and fair investigation of any allegations of misconduct by Service Members, and a quick resolution of complaints.

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In addition, the manner in which body-worn camera use is implemented and governed could have a substantial impact on their effectiveness as it relates to cases of excessive use of force or other matters that may engage the police oversight system. Similarly, access to recordings must also be strictly governed, both to prevent breach of privacy by both internal and external actors, and to ensure that all recordings are preserved in their full, unedited form on the system, throughout their retention period. Finally, the transparency of the implementation of this Policy by the Service, including public access to information on its effectiveness in achieving the Policy’s goals, is a critical element of building the public trust necessary for the achievement of the Policy’s purposes and goals.

The Board acknowledges that the use of body-worn cameras is not without its own challenges. There are important concerns surrounding privacy, particularly where what could be perceived as surveillance of vulnerable people and racialized communities is concerned, or in sensitive situations such as domestic violence calls.

He found the answer with his colleagues from the Empa Building Energy Materials and Components Lab: the team of researchers working with Shanyu Zhao and Wim Malfait were able to create an isolating material that could withstand high temperatures and thereby make the drone more resistant to fire.

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It is, therefore, the policy of the Toronto Police Services Board that the Chief of Police, in consultation with the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario and other relevant stakeholders, will develop Procedure(s) that:

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The Board recognizes the important constitutional principle: that individuals have a justified expectation of privacy as they go about their daily business, even within public spaces, and this expectation must be respected subject to reasonable limits.

D. Häusermann, S. Bodry, F. Wiesemüller, A. Miriyev, S. Siegrist, F. Fu, S. Gaan, M.M. Koebel, W.J. Malfait, S. Zhao, M. Kovač; FireDrone: Multi-Environment Thermally Agnostic Aerial Robot; Advanced Intelligent Systems (2023); doi: 10.1002/aisy.202300101

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Together with firefighters, David Häusermann established the requirements for a drone that would be used close to fires and set about finding a material that could surround and protect the core of the drone – the motors, batteries, sensors and the electronics.

The result: the FireDrone prototype survived numerous test flights. A happy David Häusermann summarized: “Even after numerous flights, the electronics, the thermal camera and the CO₂ sensors of the FireDrone were undamaged and ready for further tests. The next step will be to test the FireDrone in a fire that in contrast to the relatively ‘clean’ gas flame contains a lot of smoke particles.”

Shanyu Zhao not only used polyamide for the creation of this aerogel: the composite material consists of polyamide and silica and is also strengthened with glass fibers.

The Empa team were able to experience such a ‘real life’ scenario on the grounds of the training center in Andelfingen. Stefan Keller, training coordinator of the fire brigade for building safety in the canton of Zurich, together with the training center logistics crew, built a gas fire in an enormous metal dish, and the drone pilots flew their device into the middle of the inferno.

The Board will monitor the Service’s implementation of this Policy to mitigate these risks, including the provision of robust training to Service Members to ensure the effective deployment of this tool. The Board will also continue to monitor best practices and recommendations made by relevant stakeholders to identify possible revisions to this Policy, where appropriate. The Board will also continue to work with the Service and a broad range of stakeholders to identify other opportunities and strategies to achieve the crucial goals of delivering professional policing in a manner that respects individuals’ dignity, privacy, worth and human rights.

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