All officers equipped with body cameras have received training on how the cameras function, how to use the video management software, as well as the NYPD’s body camera policies. As part of their training, officers also, participate in role-play scenarios in order to acclimate themselves to the proper use of the cameras.

Speed humps do not slow motor vehicle traffic as much as speed tables, however they are more effective than speed cushions.

speed bump中文

If a video captures evidence related to a criminal case, the NYPD will turn the video over to the prosecutor with jurisdiction over the matter. Prosecutors will provide video to the defendant(s) in accordance with criminal discovery laws.

44% reduction in accidents is taken from Mountain, Hirst and Maher (2005). The study calculated accident reductions from various different types of traffic calming measures. Local authority and police data were used throughout Great Britain from 150 speed management schemes on 20 mph roads. Analysis is particularly strong, with correction for change in flow, accident trend and regression to mean.

Motor vehicles are likely to travel at around 15 mph over a speed hump. If there's a series of speed humps, vehicles are likely to travel at 20 mph between them.

Winnett, M. & Wheeler, A. (2002) Vehicle-activates signs - a large scale evaluation (TRL548). Transport Research Laboratory. Crowthorne, UK.

Phase 3 began in March 2019 – rolling out approximately 4,000 body-worn cameras to officers working in specialized units that perform patrol-oriented or support functions. Such units include the Emergency Services Unit, Highway Patrol, Strategic Response Group and Critical Response Command. The roll-out to specialty units was completed by August 2019. Additionally, the executives responsible for leading all of the commands equipped with body-worn cameras were also issued cameras during this phase.

Speed bump

Any events for which recording is required must be recorded from start to finish. If a member of the public asks an officer to turn off the camera, the officer may do so, but may continue recording if the officer thinks it unsafe or inadvisable to stop. Officers may not turn off the camera if a suspected perpetrator is still present on the scene.

In December 2017, Phase 2 of the body-worn camera rollout commenced equipping the balance of the officers on all shifts in every Precinct, Transit District and public housing Police Service Area citywide with cameras. This second phase was completed by March 2019 and resulted in more than 18,000 additional officers being equipped with cameras.

To balance the goals of the body-worn camera program with privacy concerns, officers will not record all interactions with the public. Officers must record certain events, including:

Factors associating reduced motor vehicle speed to road safety are based around Wilson et al. (2010), who note the large body of research consistently linking casualty rate with speed (e.g. TRL 421).

Wilson, C., Willis, C., Hendrikz, JK., Le Brocque, R., Bellamy, N. (2010) Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (Review). The Cochrane Collaboration. John Wiley & Sons.

The NYPD will retain all video recordings for 18 months. Video of arrests and other significant incidents will be retained longer.

Likely motor vehicle speeds when travelling over a speed hump are taken from TRL report 186 (Webster & Layfield, 1996). The research was based on Local Authority data at thirty-three 75mm high round-top humps from around England. All sites had a 30 mph speed limit except four, which had 20 mph speed limits. The speeds between humps is based on an average separation of 90m between the devices, with an 85th percentile speed of 26mph. Overall, the quality of this study is very poor . there is no methodological detail given, including any use of control sites, or before/after data collection periods. In the absence of other, specific analysis on round-top humps, this paper is used as a guide for effects on speed.

Webster, D. & Layfield, R. (1996) Traffic calming - road hump schemes using 75mm high humps (TRL186). Transport Research Laboratory. Crowthorne, UK.

In routine cases, officers will be allowed to view video before preparing reports and in preparation for a court proceeding. In officer–involved shootings, use-of-force cases, or when police misconduct is alleged, access to the video may be restricted and officers will only be able to view video at a time allowed by the supervisor in charge of the investigation. This includes before making an official statement in the course of the investigation. The technology does not enable officers to edit or delete any video evidence.

All Police Officers, Detectives, Sergeants and Lieutenants regularly assigned to perform patrol duties throughout the city are equipped with body-worn cameras. The NYPD body-worn camera program is the largest in the United States with over 24,000 members of the Department equipped with body-worn cameras. The rollout of these cameras was conducted in three phases.

The Department publicly releases body-worn camera video of critical incidents within 30 calendar days of an incident. In some cases, it may take more than 30 days if the investigation is complex, a court issues an order delaying or preventing release of the footage, or additional time is needed to allow a civilian depicted in the video, or their family, to view the video in advance. Critical incidents include the following:

Members of the public can request video under the Freedom of Information Law (FOIL). The NYPD will provide video in response to a FOIL request unless otherwise prohibited by law. The video may contain audio and/or visual redactions to protect the privacy of people captured in the videos, and other protected material pursuant to FOIL and other applicable laws.

Additionally, the Department may release other extrinsic evidence along with any relevant body-worn camera video if it may provide context for the incident and assist the viewer in understanding what lead up to the event as well as what transpired during the event. Video may be redacted (e.g., faces of civilian witnesses and bystanders blurred, etc.), as appropriate, to protect personal privacy and comply with all relevant laws, prior to being released to the public. Unedited video of a critical incident will be maintained, and provided to an appropriate investigating authority (e.g. District Attorney, etc.).

The use of body-worn cameras has shown that cameras may help de-escalate potentially volatile encounters. The cameras may also provide important evidence in criminal and civil proceedings as well as resolving civilian complaints.

Officers must tell members of the public that they are being recorded unless the notification would compromise the safety of any person or impede an investigation. Officers do not need a person’s permission to start, or to continue, recording.

Taylor, M., Lyman, D., Baruya, A. (2000) The effects of drivers - speed on the frequency of road accidents (TRL421). Transport Research Laboratory. Crowthorne, UK.

Body-worn cameras are small battery-powered digital video cameras that police officers attach to their uniform shirts or winter jackets. Officers must manually activate the record function on the camera to begin recording. The recording capabilities of the cameras are consistent with the capabilities of human eyes and ears. In other words, the cameras are not capable of any enhanced recording capabilities such as night vision. At the end of their shift, officers place their cameras in a docking station in their command. Once docked, recorded videos are uploaded to a cloud based storage solution and the camera’s battery is recharged automatically.

Speed table

Officers may not record certain sensitive encounters, such as speaking with a confidential informant, interviewing a sex crime victim, or conducting a strip search.

Information regarding the number of videos provided and their impact upon investigations may be found in the CCRB annual and semi-annual reports found here

Traffic calming

In April 2017, Phase 1 of the Department's body-worn camera program began, and by the end of 2017, approximately 1,300 police officers, working the evening shifts in 20 precincts across the city, were outfitted with cameras. This first phase supported a year-long study of the effects of the body-worn cameras.

Mountain, L., Hirst, W., Maher, M. (2005) Are speed enforcement cameras more effective than other speed management measures? The impact of speed management schemes on 30 mph roads. Accident analysis and prevention 37 pp. 742 . 754.

The NYPD routinely provides the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) with body-worn camera video in furtherance of investigations of alleged incidents of misconduct under their jurisdiction. To facilitate more efficient sharing of videos, the NYPD and CCRB drafted a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) regarding the protocols for the search, review, and production of relevant body-worn camera video for cases in which CCRB has received a complaint from a member of the public against a member of the NYPD. Implementation of this MOU is pending the establishment of a secure space within the CCRB facility. Video provided to CCRB may be redacted to protect confidential information or comply with relevant statutes including the sealed records laws (e.g. Criminal Procedure Law section 160.50 – 55) which generally prohibit the release of certain records absent a court order or consent of the individual(s) depicted

The aim of the speed hump is to slow motor vehicle traffic to a safe speed, as the ramps become uncomfortable for vehicle drivers if they are driven over too fast.

The purpose of body-worn cameras is to record enforcement, investigative and other encounters between the police and the public. They provide a contemporaneous, objective record of these encounters, facilitate review of events by supervisors, foster accountability, and encourage lawful and respectful interactions between the public and the police.