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7. There are many occasions when a steam main must run across rising ground, or applications where the contours of the site make it impractical to lay the pipe with the 1:100 fall proposed earlier. In these situations, the condensate must be encouraged to run downhill and against the steam flow. Good practice is to size the pipe on a low steam velocity of not more than 15 m/s, to run the line at a slope of no less than 1:40, and install the drain points at not more than 15 metre intervals.

Sources: A Report on the Use of Drones by Public Safety Agencies, PERF; Chula Vista Police Department; Brookhaven Police Department

Steampipe sizing Calculator

In longer supply lines, it is often necessary to restrict velocities to 15 m/s to avoid high pressure drops. It is recommended that pipelines over 50 m long are always checked for pressure drop, no matter what the velocity (As a general rule, the pressure drop should not normally exceed 0.1 bar/50 m).

Steampipelines

Automatic air vents for steam systems (which operate on the same principle as thermostatic steam traps) should be fitted above the condensate level so that only air or steam/air mixtures can reach them. The best location for them is at the end of the steam mains.

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10. Pipe Support Spacing: The frequency of pipe supports will vary according to the bore of the pipe; the actual pipe material (i.e. steel or copper); and whether the pipe is horizontal or vertical.

Steampiping design Handbook PDF

9. When new pipework is installed, it is not uncommon for fragments of casting sand, packing, jointing, swarf, welding rods and even nuts and bolts to be accidentally deposited inside the pipe. In the case of older pipework, there will be rust, and in hard water districts, a carbonate deposit.

Steamboiler piping

5. It is good engineering practice that, whenever possible, the main should be installed with a fall of not less than 1:100 (1 m fall for every 100 m run), in the direction of the steam flow. This slope will ensure that gravity, as well as the flow of steam, will assist in moving the condensate towards drain points where the condensate may be safely and effectively removed.

It should be remembered that it is the connected load, and not the boiler output, which determines the rate at which energy is used. The same amount of energy is used by the load whether the boiler raises steam at 4 bar g, 10 bar g or 100 bar g. Standing losses, flue losses, and running losses are increased by operating at higher pressures, but these losses are reduced by insulation and proper condensate return systems. These losses are marginal when compared to the benefits of distributing steam at high pressure.

Steam Distribution is one time job & it is most critical from Safety & Efficiency points of view. If it is skipped, It becomes difficult to install Good Engineering practice during Boiler operation. Therefore, Project Manager must ensure that Steam distribution is studied & designed well during installation & commissioning of Boiler.

Steampiping material

Steampipe Specification pdf

2. Only Schedules 40 and 80 cover the full range from 15 mm up to 600 mm nominal sizes and are the most commonly used schedule for steam pipe installations. Once Pipe length of travel from the boiler to the unit heater is known, but an allowance must be included for the additional frictional resistance of the fittings.

4. As a general rule, a velocity of 25 to 40 m/s is used when saturated steam is the medium. Velocity 40 m/s should be considered a practical limit, as above this, noise and erosion will take place particularly if the steam is wet.

8. A separator is recommended before control valves and flowmeters. It is also wise to fit a separator where a steam main enters a building from outside. This will ensure that any condensate produced in the external distribution system is removed and the building always receives dry steam. This is equally important where steam usage in the building is monitored and charged for.

For Detailed Study on Steam piping. Visit https://www.spiraxsarco.com/learn-about-steam/steam-distribution/introduction-to-steam-distribution#article-top

Steampipe slope direction

Steampiping DIAGRAM

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6. Branch line connections taken from the top of the main carry the driest steam. If connections are taken from the side, or even worse from the bottom, they can accept the condensate and debris from the steam main. The result is very wet and dirty steam reaching the equipment, which will affect performance in both the short and long term.

Where two or more pipes are supported on a common bracket, the spacing between the supports should be that for the smallest pipe. When an appreciable movement will occur, i.e. where straight pipes are greater than 15 metres in length, the supports should be of the roller type. Vertical pipes should be adequately supported at the base, to withstand the total weight of the vertical pipe and the fluid within it. Branches from vertical pipes must not be used as a means of support for the pipe, because this will place undue strain upon the tee joint. All pipe supports should be specifically designed to suit the outside diameter of the pipe concerned. The use of oversized pipe brackets is not good practice.

Steam line must be designed considering Boiler at High Operating Pressure. High Steam pressure leads to reduced pipe bore size; resulting in lower capital cost, for materials such as pipes, flanges, supports, insulation and labour.

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• If the pipe is over 100 metres long and is a fairly straight run with few fittings, an allowance for fittings of 5% to 10% would be made.

10. Air in a steam system will also affect the system temperature. Air will exert its own pressure within the system, and will be added to the pressure of the steam to give a total pressure. Therefore, the actual steam pressure and temperature of the steam/air mixture will be lower than that suggested by a pressure gauge.

The trap line should be at least 25 to 30 mm from the bottom of the pocket for steam mains up to 100 mm, and at least 50 mm for larger mains. This allows a space below for any dirt and scale to settle.