Speed Humps (also known as Speed Ramps or Speed Bumps) reduce the speed of vehicles safely in roads and driveways. Ideal for civil roads, commercial driveways and other areas where speed reduction is required. Suitable for light and heavy vehicles.

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Our speed humps are designed for New Zealand road conditions and are backed by our quality warranty. Our Speed cushions are much more gentle to vehicles and are an alternative which looks and performs great.

For example the product standard for low voltage circuit breakers, AS/NZS 60947-2 will set out the test sequences to identify the various performances of the circuit breaker, for example rated breaking capacity, dielectric withstand, short time withstand, etc... Manufacturers wishing to rate their circuit breakers to that standard simply need to follow the test sequences nominated for that performance in order to determine the performance of their product to that standard.

Product standards setout a test methodology/procedure for manufactures to follow in order to ‘rate’ their product to a common set of rules. Having a common set of rules for testing products allows clients/users to have a consistent methodology of evaluating the performance of the product they are purchasing to make sure the product they are purchasing is tested to meet “industry standards”.

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There may be different product standards that exist around the world that are used to determine the ‘breaking capacity’ performance of circuit breakers. In Australia, we follow AS/NZS 60947-2, which is a copy of the International IEC 60947-2, but in the USA for example a different set of standards apply (NEMA / UL), in other words they have chosen to follow a different test procedure to determine the breaking capacity of circuit breakers according to their own standards. The same product can always be tested to both standards, so these 2 different standards should not necessarily be considered to be commercial ‘trade barriers’, but they should be considered as a reflection of local habits/needs.

Since compliance to AS/NZS 3000 is established by legislation, and AS/NZS 3000 requires circuit breakers to be compliant to AS/NZS 60947-2, this means that low voltage circuit breakers used in NSW must be compliant to AS/NZS 60947-2. AS/NZS 60947-2 effectively becomes a mandatory standard through the AS/NZS 3000 reference.

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It is important to understand the purpose of each standard, in other words, its intent, and in particular if it is a product standard, installation standard or another type of standard.

The legislation in other Australian states (QLD, VIC, SA, WA, TAS) or territories (ACT, NT) may be consulted to determine the legal requirements in those states & territories. The above is given as an example only.

Non mandatory standards are also very useful for design engineers/architects to help them specify the work that is required to be performed on projects they manage. By specifying that work is required to be performed to a certain standard (which may not be mandated by official legislation), or that products used must comply with a specific product standard, they can easily make reference to a common set of rules, by which all prospective suppliers will need to comply with in order to produce a finished product with a consistent/comparable minimum performance that meets the designer’s requirements.

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The publication of a standard by a standards organization does not automatically imply that its application is mandatory. The “legal” requirements to comply with a standard is documented in applicable legislation.

AS/NZS 60947-2 may make reference to other standards, which in turn make reference to others. This effectively creates a hierarchy of referenced standards with the original legislated standard as the parent, overall standard.

Standards may refer to each other : compliance to one standard may require compliance to another standard. For example, a review of AS/NZS 3000 will identify that certain types of products must be rated to certain product standards. For example, in clause 2.4.3, moulded case circuit breakers must be rated to AS/NZS 60947-2, residual current devices must be rated to AS/NZS 61009 , 61008 or 3190.

Installation standards set out requirements for installing products and equipment. Installation standards are intended to be ‘strong’ guidelines, or recommendations to contractors and users on how ‘best’ to install equipment in order to make sure the installation meets a certain amount of key criteria. These criteria are usually intended to provide certain levels of safety and protection to people, livestock and property. As for the product standards, the existence of an installation standard does not automatically make it mandatory.

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The existence of this product standard does not automatically make it mandatory, it simply is intended to document a set of test sequences that are required to be followed in order to claim a performance to that standard.

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Standards are documents prepared by representatives of the industry, and as their name suggests, are intended to be a common set of rules (“standards”) available to all, to use as a reference to assess the performance and/or safety of the equipment or installation they apply to.

I work in Australia, in the low voltage electrical engineering field, and since I’d rather not talk about things I know nothing about, this paper will cover some of the AS (Australian Standards) low voltage electrical standards.

To understand which standards are mandatory, the applicable legislation framework must be reviewed to determine which standards are made mandatory by legislation, and then those standards must be reviewed to determine which other standards may also become mandatory by reference.

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Some good  examples, Boris. This usually creates some debate depending on peoples' interpretations.  National Construction Code specifically nominates some standards, thereby making it mandatory to comply with them.  Calling up compliance with a standard in a contract document does, by implication, makes said standard mandatory for that project from a contractual point of view (this is the one that causes plenty of arguments!). Standards also set out the MINIMUM acceptable requirement. As engineers we can and should design to a higher standard than the minimum.

Some examples of installation standards include AS/NZS 3000 for low voltage installations, AS/NZS 5033 for photo-voltaic installations, AS/NZS 3010 for generating sets.

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Standards will typically define their ‘Scope’ in an opening section, and their scope is very useful to understand what is the purpose or intent of the standard. Understanding (not only ‘reading’... but ‘understanding’…) the scope of the standard should always be the first step in reviewing a standard.

For example, a design engineer may choose to specify that a specific electrical switchboard must be rated to IEC/TR 61641 edition 3.0 Arcing Class I. IEC/TR 61641 document is a non-mandatory performance document that sets out a set of test procedures to be followed in order to claim ‘Arcing class I’. Requiring compliance to this document is intended to set a level “playing field” for all prospective suppliers of these electrical switchboards. This effectively limits solutions which are tested/verified to a common set of rules, allowing the design engineer to “compare apples with apples”.  Such standards also allow manufacturers to have a common set of test procedure that they can all follow to allow their products to be bench-marked against competitor products.