BUMP

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Like other traffic control devices, including speed bumps, speed cushions, bollards, traffic cones, traffic barriers, and rumble strips, the primary goal of installing a road hump is to make people follow speed-limit rules and slow down their vehicles where necessary.

There is also the point that ShotSpotter does little to resolve the problem of gun violence: Time and money spent on it might produce better results if focused on prevention.

Speed bump

Roadhumps sign

Suppose your neighbourhood does not have a proper traffic control plan. In that case, you can request the city council or local municipality to make your area safer by installing speed humps and other traffic calming devices.

The news came in quick succession this week.  First, Toronto was considering adoption of the ShotSpotter gunshot detection system.  Then, Toronto had decided to adopt it.  As the latter article pointed out, after a spate of recent shootings, authorities felt that they had to take action, including this acquisition.  The question is: Is ShotSpotter a good response?

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Briefly, ShotSpotter is a kind of "gunfire locator," that is, a system in which a network of microphones installed in a given area relay what they pick up to a central system that tries to discern gunshots from the other noise and provide police with time and location reports of any positive results.

ShotSpotter is a private company, so its performance data is proprietary and not available for public scrutiny or study.  However, one informal study (commissioned by the company) suggests that the false positive rate is about 33% while false negative occurrence is "very rare".  Such a result is what would be expected if the ratio of errors were set to favor the interests of public security, as noted above.

Traffic calming

Parking lots need speed humps, road bumps, wheel stops, speed ramps, parking signs, and speed limit signs to make the area safe for drivers, vehicles, pedestrians, and property. They have vehicles parked close to each other.

A speed bump is more aggressive compared to a speed hump. It reduces speed up to 10 mph, while a speed hump reduces speed up to 30 mph. Its length is also more than the length of a speed hump.

False positives tend to bring police to scenes where no gunshots occurred.  These incidents may spark hostile encounters as police arrive expecting to find shooters while community members may not welcome the extra and unwarranted presence of police.

ShotSpotter works by comparing signals coming from its microphones to a library of gunshot profiles.  If the signal matches a profile closely enough, it generates a "positive", that is, a gunshot report by the system.  Otherwise, the no gunshot report is generated.

To these points, I would add one that I discussed in "Fairness and regulation of violence in technological design" (2011).  To make a somewhat long story short, I pointed out that ShotSpotter's design creates a conflict of interest between social groups, in this case between the group surveilled by it and the broader community.

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All the traffic calming and traffic control devices are installed near various places, including asphalt pavement, a traffic intersection, an unmarked crosswalk, a roundabout, a pedestrian crossing, a driveway, street parking, and a traffic lane to control traffic volume.

There is no doubt that speed humps reduce vehicular speed and the rate of fatalities on roads and streets. They make a cost-effective traffic calming solution you can install in different areas according to your speed reduction needs.

False negatives tend to disappoint members of the broader community.  After all, their concerns for public safety motivated the purchase of ShotSpotter in the first place, so it is irksome when gunshots go uninvestigated by police while the system is running.

Vehicles also make low noise when they drive over rubber speed humps, which makes them a good choice for areas where traffic noise restriction is enforced.

Speed humps have deflective surfaces that reduce the chance of passenger-car collision. They stop drivers from exceeding the speed limit and drive only at a safe speed. They also help people follow traffic rules and avoid fines. Traffic data indicates that speed humps and other traffic management tools reduce the number of road accidents every year.

Arguably, the configuration of ShotSpotter is unfair.  The reason for this situation is that the sensitivity of the system normally seems to be set up by police, whose interest tends to be minimization of false negatives.  In contrast, the surveilled community normally seems to have no say in the matter, in spite of their conflicting interest in its effect.  This procedure is not fair.

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Speed humps offer many advantages, but they have some disadvantages. For instance, they decrease the emergency response time of emergency vehicles like an ambulance.

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At a given level of accuracy, there is a trade-off between errors, such that the less of one kind the system makes, the more of the other kind it makes.  This trade-off puts the two social groups in a conflict: The more one group minimizes the errors it dislikes, the more the other group faces the errors it deplores.  Such a situation raises the problem of fairness to the social groups involved.

It has a vertical raised surface that is spread across the road to slow down the speed of a motorist, cyclist, bicyclist, or motor-vehicle driver from 16 to 30 miles per hour (mph).

Walkers are also present close to vehicles, increasing their chance of collision with vehicles. Installing road humps can guide drivers to go at a slow speed and maintain parking lot safety.

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Roadhumps meaning

Roadhumps purpose

speed bump中文

If ShotSpotter is ultimately adopted by the City of Toronto, its configuration should be set in conjunction with an open and unbiased process involving all parties with an interest in its operational effects.  That would mean inclusion of members of any communities surveilled by the system.  Furthermore, all data generated in its operation should be freely available to researchers and members of the public.

You can install speed humps wherever you want to control traffic flow and vehicular speed. A few examples of where you can install speed humps include school zones, crosswalks, unsafe traffic lanes, intersections, traffic circles, urban areas, roundabouts, and pedestrian crossings.

Installing road signs, yield signs, signposts, and stop signs around a speed hump will warn the driver about the speed control’s installation in advance. This way, they can go smoothly over a speed hump and avoid hitting it suddenly.

Some people think speed bumps and speed humps are different names for the same traffic-calming tools. However, that is not the case.

Rubber is a lighter material compared to some other materials or speed humps. So, rubber speed humps are easy to install, manage, and maintain. You can install them for temporary as well as permanent traffic control needs.

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As the video suggests, ShotSpotter may produce more comprehensive data about gun violence and it may do so more promptly and accurately than other means, such as 9-1-1 calls.

It is generally installed in areas with a high risk of collisions or crashes between pedestrians and vehicles. You may find it in a work zone, school zone, pedestrian zone, or a slow zone while walking or travelling on a roadway.

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At the same time, there are a number of criticisms.  Some cities have not found the system to be cost-effective.  Also, the system might be gamed, e.g., by people playing recordings of gunfire from car stereos.

Since speed humps have a raised section, they force the speeding vehicles to diminish their acceleration and follow speed limits imposed by the transportation department and the federal highway administration.

If you are a parking lot owner, you should make your parking area secure with the help of speed humps and other similar tools.

They have reflective tapes and more reflector elements that enhance their visibility at night when there are no street lights in the area. These reflective elements reduce the pedestrian tripping hazard and help drivers decrease their speed in advance.

Every year, many people lose their lives in road accidents. Traffic management is an efficient way of reducing road accidents and creating safe roads for people. Using a traffic control device and traffic control plan strategically can help save many lives every year.

Rubber is a compressible material due to which rubber speed humps are also slightly more compressible than plastic, concrete and asphalt speed humps. It means they don’t damage vehicles as much as other traffic calming measures do when vehicles hit them at high speed.

You can install flashing street signs, warning signs, regulatory signs, and other traffic signs around a speed hump to warn the city traffic of their installation. This will improve the performance of speed humps more.

Or, it could worsen relations between police and members of minority communities where ShotSpotter is likely to be installed, rather like another form of carding.

Speed humps reduce the speed of vehicles like buses, motorists, fire trucks, etc. Therefore, you can install them in different places like bicycle lanes or traffic lanes.

Roadhumps design

A speed hump is a beneficial traffic management device installed by local municipalities to enhance traffic safety and pedestrian safety on city streets and roadways.

Traffic management tools and measures are used to restrict the flow and speed of traffic on one-way or two-way roads and streets. They inform bicyclists, cyclists, and motorists when to reduce vehicular speed to avoid accidents.

They hinder the movement of stormwater and snow, affecting traffic movement negatively. Motorists may drive over the sidewalk to avoid a speed hump, creating problems for pedestrians.

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They also manage traffic flow and prevent traffic jams, making it easier for people to reach their destinations on time. Installing traffic management devices around a construction area allows workers to perform better and stay safe. Pedestrians and drivers will be more cautious and alert when going around a construction area.

A speed hump, speed cushion, or speed table is manufactured from different materials, giving them different characteristics. Common materials that are used to make speed humps are recycled plastic, rubber, concrete, metal, and wood.