Barrel distortion is common in wide-angle lenses and is characterized by the image appearing to bulge outwards from the center. In barrel distortion, straight lines near the edges of the frame appear curved outward.

Photography is more than just clicking the shutter. It’s about truly understanding your camera and the lenses you use as tools. One aspect that often gets overlooked is lens distortion. It’s a common occurrence, yet many photographers are unaware of its impact on their photos.

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“Every element [of this project] worked like in an orchestra,” Meretska says. “Both sample fabrication and measurement processes are incredibly challenging and knowing everything worked as designed was very satisfying.”

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Pincushion distortion is often seen in telephoto lenses. Here, the image appears pinched at the center, and straight lines near the edges of the frame curve inward.

A new perforated metalens proves it is possible to use nano-optics to focus beams of extreme ultraviolet light (EUV) and could open new doors in microscopy, sensing, holography, and fundamental physics research. The advance is reported in Science.

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Harvard’s Office of Technology Development has protected the intellectual property arising from this study and is exploring commercialization opportunities.

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The idea was originally conceived by Marcus Ossiander, a postdoctoral fellow in Capasso’s group, whose background is in attosecond physics, or the study of how light and matter interact on the inconceivably-small timescale of quintillionths of a second. “The only way you can create laser pulses on the attosecond scale is using these very short wavelengths of ultraviolet light,” Ossiander says. “I had this big dream, a bit of a moonshot, really, to create a metalens that could control EUV. And Federico will never stop you from pursuing a dream.”

Lens distortion, at its core, is a deviation from the 'ideal' image – typically, one that is geometrically perfect. Before we can analyze the intricate aspects of managing lens distortion, it's key to establish a clear understanding of what it actually is.

Lens distortion can significantly affect your photography, particularly if you're shooting architecture or any subject with straight lines. The curving effect of barrel or pincushion distortion can make buildings appear to lean or warp, which can be visually distracting.

While lens distortion can be a unique quality you’d like to keep within your photography, it can also be one that you want to know how to mitigate as much as possible.

Extremeultraviolet lithography

“Why not flip the design… to make transmissive pillars… out of air?” he says. By making holes in the surface of a material with a lower refractive index than air itself, he hypothesized that EUV could be guided and focused using the vacuum inside the holes. When computer simulations suggested it might actually work, he teamed up with nanofabrication expert Maryna Leonidivna Meretska, a postdoctoral researcher in Capasso’s lab, to develop a prototype.

Since that initial metalens demonstration, researchers far and wide have been adopting the technique to create metalens designs that exert increasingly complex control over visible and infrared light – but harnessing such metasurfaces to control light in the EUV range has remained out of reach. EUV wavelengths are extremely small, around the 50-nanometer range, which is much smaller than visible wavelengths of light, which are 400 to 700 nanometers in size. At such a small wavelength, EUV is absorbed by all materials, preventing that light from being refracted and controlled by transmissive optics.

Mustache distortion, also known as complex distortion, is a combination of barrel and pincushion distortion. The image appears to warp in a wavy pattern, with lines curving outward near the center and inward at the edges.

The breakthrough will have implications for attosecond physics, as the metalens can be used to better understand light and matter interactions on the nanoparticle scale. Capasso says the semiconducting industry will also benefit from EUV metalens technology because it will enable the fabrication of smaller and smaller transistors and processors. But, perhaps most exciting, Capasso says there are likely many future applications that haven’t yet been thought of.

The science behind lens distortion lies in how a lens works and the path of light as it interacts with the lens. When light enters the lens, it undergoes a process called refraction, where its direction changes due to the change in medium.

Different focal lengths exhibit different levels of distortion. Wide-angle lenses tend to have more distortion, so for subjects with straight lines, consider using a telephoto or standard lens.

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Remember, in photography, knowing how to manage imperfections can often be as important as seeking perfection. Embrace the artistic possibilities that lens distortion offers, and use it as another tool to create compelling images. The world of photography is as much about control as it is about creativity.

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Composition is also a factor. Position your subject in the center of the frame where distortion is usually least noticeable. For example, in portrait photography, frame your subject in the center of the frame for the least amount of lens distortion on your subject's face.

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“This work really pushed the limits of what’s possible in nanotechnology today,” Capasso says. “We needed impeccable fabrication methods to make this metalens with features small enough to interact with EUV wavelengths, which means the features must be smaller than those wavelengths. It pushed us to shrink the metalens features by a factor of 10 compared to what’s been done before – it was really a very large leap.”

At the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Federico Capasso’s lab unveiled in 2011 the groundbreaking concept of refracting metasurfaces, or sub-wavelength-spaced arrays of nanostructures, with a Science paper that has since been cited 7,000 times. In 2016, another Science paper reported the use of high-performance flat lenses made up of nanopillars and fabricated using lithography techniques, which unlocked a new strategy to focus light. That work was a major leap forward for conventional optical devices that had historically been fabricated by molding, making them thick and bulky.

Part of this work was performed at Harvard’s Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS), a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI), which is supported by the NSF under award no. ECCS-2025158. Computations were run on the FASRC Cannon cluster supported by the FAS Division of Science Research Computing Group at Harvard University. This research was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Feodor-Lynen Fellowship), the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, Start Grant Y1525), the European Union (grant agreement 01076933 EUVORAM), A*STAR Singapore through the National Science Scholarship Scheme, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under award Number FA9550-21-1- 0312.

Now that we've explored lens distortion, its types, and how to mitigate its effects, it's time to look deeper into the world of lenses. In our next article, we break down how the camera lens works with light and capturing images.

However, due to the inherent imperfections in lens design and the curved nature of the lens, light rays often converge at different points, causing image distortion. These distortions can manifest as barrel distortion, where straight lines appear curved outward, or pincushion distortion, where straight lines appear curved inward.

Lens distortion is a common characteristic of all types of camera lenses to varying extents. There are several effective techniques you can employ to minimize its impact and achieve optimal image quality. These include careful lens selection, proper shooting techniques, and post-processing adjustments.

“Fabrication, in general, requires a lot of perseverance,” Meretska says. “It took many attempts to realize the working sample. We learned something new about the process with every attempt, and that kept me going.”

Typical metalenses rely on the fabrication of nanopillars that – sticking up like the skyscrapers of the Manhattan skyline – refract visible light and focus it in desired ways. But with EUV light being absorbed by all materials it reaches, Ossiander knew that strategy would not work. As he contemplated the way materials interact with light that oscillates incredibly fast, a creative new idea struck him.

Lens distortion is an inherent characteristic of camera lenses that can significantly affect your photography. While it can be detrimental in certain contexts, such as architectural photography, it can also add a unique perspective to images when used intentionally.

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The Capasso group’s latest breakthrough – fabricating a metalens that uses nano-sized holes to vacuum-guide EUV -- introduces a game-changing workaround. “This work will revolutionize optics in a spectral region (extreme UV) where, until now, there were no lenses or viable optics for high-performance or high-volume applications,” says Capasso, co-corresponding author, who is the Robert L. Wallace Professor of Applied Physics and Vinton Hayes Senior Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering at SEAS. The new work was in collaboration with Martin Schultze’s lab at Graz University of Technology.

A condenser lens is an optical component in a microscope that focuses light onto the specimen, enhancing illumination and image clarity.

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“We don’t currently know all the fields that might benefit from EUV metalenses, because no one expected that this type of technology would be possible anytime soon,” Ossiander says.

There are three primary types of lens distortions. Understanding and recognizing these distortions is essential for photographers and videographers. The three types of lens distortion are barrel distortion, pincushion distortion, and mustache distortion.

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Lens distortion, in simple terms, is a deviation from the perfect image caused by the optical design of a lens. This deviation results in the image being distorted in a way that differs from the actual scene. The amount and type of distortion depend on the lens design, with wide-angle lenses typically exhibiting more distortion than telephoto lenses. But this depends on the manufacturer and when it was made.

Many photo editing software programs, like Adobe Lightroom and Photoshop, have lens correction tools that can automatically correct distortion based on the lens used.

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Kyle DeGuzman graduated from San Diego State University with a Bachelor of Science in Television, Film, & New Media. He currently resides in Denver, Colorado spending his time writing, filmmaking, and traveling.

However, not all effects of lens distortion are negative. In some cases, it can add a unique perspective to your photos, particularly in wide-angle landscape photos or street photography. The bulging effect of barrel distortion can emphasize scale and depth, making your images more dynamic and engaging.

Ideally, all the light rays should converge at a single point on the sensor, resulting in a sharp and undistorted image. To understand this visually, check out our breakdown on types of camera lenses.

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Once the prototype was complete, Ossiander flew to the Institute of Experimental Physics at Graz University of Technology in Austria, one of few labs in the world that can create EUV. There, researchers led by attosecond physicist Martin Schultze (a co-corresponding author on the study) sent EUV radiation through the metalens prototype. After many experiments, the team saw what they had long dreamed of: a small spot, indicating the concentration of light, detected by a special camera.

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Understanding lens distortion can actually help you improve the quality of your images and give you more control over the final result.