There is a constant dependency of the illuminance when the power voltage varies between 10 – 14 V . There is a constant dependency of the consumed power when the power voltage varies between 10 – 14 V .

Note: the chromaticity difference is 0.0005 and indicates the distance to the Planckian Locus. There is a value mentioned of max 5.4E-3 in section 5.3 of CIE 13.3-1995 however no further explanation of it. An other reference with signal lights as a reference is given in the chromaticity diagram.

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This color temperature is measured straight underneath the light bulb. Below a graph showing the color temperature for different inclination angles.

The angle at which the light bends is proportional to the wavelength of the light. Red light, for instance, has a longer wavelength than blue light, so it bends more than blue light does. This different amount of bending gives the blobs their colored edges: blue on the inside, red on the outside.

The color temperature is given for inclination angles up to 60 deg. Beyond that value the illuminance is lower than 10%% of Ev straight underneath the lamp, that it has not been used for color determination of the light.

The luminous flux being 71 lm, and the consumed power of the lamp being 0.9 Watt, results in a luminous efficacy of 79 lm/Watt.

The black bands between the blobs of light show that a wave is associated with the light. The light waves that go through the slit spread out, overlap, and add together, producing the diffraction pattern you see. Where the crest of one wave overlaps with the crest of another wave, the two waves combine to make a bigger wave, and you see a bright blob of light. Where the trough of one wave overlaps with the crest of another wave, the waves cancel each other out, and you see a dark band.

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Effect of warming up on different light bulb parameters. In the first graph the 100 % level is put at begin, and in the last graph the 100 % level is put at the end.

During the warmup time the power doesn’t vary significantly (< 5 %). The variation in efficacy (calculated as indication by simply dividing the illuminance by the power) during the warming up is 1 %. A very high negative value indicates a significant decrease for instance due to heating up of the lamp (decrease of lifetime).

The melanopic effect shows the level of impact the light of this lamp can have on the day-night rhythm of human beings (as well as the suppression of melatonin production). The important parameters (according to norm DIN SPEC 5031-100:2015-08):

The point of the light in this diagram is inside the area indicated with class B. The areas A and B indicate areas for signal lamps.

Voltage dependency: There is a constant dependency of the illuminance when the power voltage varies between 10 – 14 V . There is a constant dependency of the consumed power when the power voltage varies between 10 – 14 V .

TM-30-15-values for 99 samples for the light of this light bulb. The closer the value for a testcolor comes to 100, the more its rendition resembles that of a reference lightsource.

Notice that you still see a full circle of lines radiating out from the light source. The effect actually happens in your eye, as lines of light are spread out onto your retina by imperfections in the tissues of your cornea.

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During the warmup time the power doesn’t vary significantly ( 5 %). The variation in efficacy (calculated as indication by simply dividing the illuminance by the power) during the warming up is 1 %. A very high negative value indicates a significant decrease for instance due to heating up of the lamp (decrease of lifetime).

For the C0-C180 plane: the beam angle of 100 deg is equivalent to 50.0 deg inclination angle,which is the area where most of the light falls within. The maximum variation of color temperature in this inclination area is about 1 %.

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The dependency of a number of lamp parameters on the lamp voltage is determined. For this, the lamp voltage has been varied and its effect on the following light bulb parameters measured: illuminance E_v [lx], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [lm/W] (this latter is estimated here by dividing the found E_v value by P).

When using the Ev or Iv values per inclination angle, the beam angle can be computed, being 100 deg for the C0-C180 plane and 100 deg for the C90-C270 plane.

Notice that there is a line of light perpendicular to the slit. While looking through the slit, rotate the pencils until they are horizontal, and notice that the line of light becomes vertical.

Important for the energy classification are the corrected rated power and the useful luminous flux. The measured rated power is 0.9 W and might need to be corrected. The correction is dependent from the lamp type and whether or not the lamp control gear is included or not. The choice for this lamp is the following classification: Lamps operating on external LED lamp control gear. As a result the corrected rated power becomes: 1.0 W. The luminous flux measured is 71 lm. The classification of this lamp needed to determine the useful flux is: Directional lamps with a beam angle >= 90° other than filament lamps and carrying a textual or graphical warning on their packaging that they are not suitable for accent lighting. Then the useful flux becomes 59 lm. Now a reference power can be calculated.

How can you find the origin of these lines? Rotate the light source and notice that the lines of light do not rotate. Rotate your head and notice that the lines do rotate. Hold your hand or an index card in front of your eye so that it doesn’t quite block your view of the light source (click to enlarge diagram below).

The power spectrum, sensitivity curves and resulting scotopic and photopic spectra (spectra energy content defined at 1 m distance).

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It applies to light sources, with requirements for the x, y chromaticity coordinates (is fulfilled), the luminous flux (is fulfilled) and colour rendering index CRI (is fulfilled).These requirements are fulfilled.

Graphical view of averaged color points for this light bulb compared to a reference source with the same color temperature.

Here an LED lamp from in-lite. The measurements from OliNo show that the lamp emits a warm white light with a color temperature of 2888 K. The lamp consumes 0.9 W and has a luminous flux of 71 lm. This results in an efficacy of 79 lm/W. The lamps energy category label is G (2021).

These energy labels are in force since Sept 2021. They have been drawn up in accordance with the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/2015.

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For the C90-C270 plane: the beam angle of 100 deg is equivalent to 50.0 deg inclination angle,which is the area where most of the light falls within. The maximum variation of color temperature in this inclination area is about 1 %.

Herewith the image showing the CRI as well as how well different colors are represented (rendered). The higher the number, the better the resemblance with the color when a black body radiator would have been used (the sun, or an incandescent lamp)

With the averaged illuminance data at 1 m distance, taken from the graph showing the averaged radiation pattern, it is possible to compute the luminous flux.

After switch on of a cold lamp, the effect of heating up of the lamp is measured on illuminance E_v [lx], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [lm/W].

When the voltage varies abruptly with + or – 0.25 V then this results in a variation of the illuminance of maximally 1.4 %. This difference in illuminance is not visible (when it occurs abruptly).

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This plot shows per inclination angle the intensity measurement results for each turn angle at that inclination angle. There normally are differences in illuminance values for different turn angles. However for further calculations the averaged values will be used.

Hold up the two pencils, side by side, with the erasers at the top. The tape wrapped around one pencil should keep the pencils slightly apart, forming a thin slit between them, just below the tape. Hold both pencils close to one eye (about 1 inch [2.5 cm] away) and look at the light source through the slit between the pencils. Squeeze the pencils together, making the slit smaller.

The narrower the slit, the more the light spreads out. In fact, the angle between two adjacent dark bands in the diffraction pattern is inversely proportional to the width of the slit.

Stretch a hair tight and hold it about 1 inch (2.5 cm) from your eye. Move the hair until it is between your eye and the light source, and notice that the light is spread into a line of blobs by the hair, just as it was by the slit. Rotate the hair and watch the line of blobs rotate.

The inrush current has been measured for different voltage start angles; from 0 – 170 degrees with a 10 degrees step. The current- and voltage values have been acquires at a sample speed of 39.9 kS/s. Then this data has been fed into a second order 2kHz low pass Butterworth filter. This removes the current spikes that do not represent relevant values. The lamp was two minutes off before every inrush current measurement was made.

Thin objects, such as a strand of hair, also diffract light. Light that passes around the hair spreads out, overlaps, and produces a diffraction pattern. Cloth and feathers, which are both made up of many smaller, thinner parts, produce complicated diffraction patterns.

Each color has an index Rx, and the first 8 indexes (R1 .. R8) are averaged to compute the Ra which is equivalent to the CRI.

The circadian stimulus indicates the degree of influence that the light of this lamp has on the human circadian rhythm. In addition to the melanopic effect of Ganglion cells, the contributions of S-cones and rods are also included. A CS value of 0.1 has hardly any effect and a value > 0.3 has an effect (0.7 is the maximum, saturated, value). The CS value depends on the spectrum of the light and also on the amount of it (received on the eye).

In a dimly lit room, look at a Mini Maglite bulb with one eye (a candle will not work). Notice the lines of light radiating out from the light source, like the seeds radiating out from the center of a dandelion.

This current waveform has been checked on requirements posed by the norm IEC 61000-3-2:2018. This norm contains requirements for lamps with a power 5 W, 5 – 25 W and > 25 W. This lamp consumes 0.9 W. NOTE: standard only applies to lamps with supply voltages higher than 220 V AC.

This value of 96 indicates how well the light of this lamp can render well a set of reference colors, this in comparison with the light of a reference source (for color temperatures 5000K a black radiator is used as reference and for color temperatures 5000K the sun or the light outside during the day).

Color point dependent on inclination angle related to 2, 4 and 6 step MacAdam ellipse, for all angles within the beam angle (solid line) and for all angles where Ev dropped to 10 % value (dotted line)

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If you look closely you may see that the line is composed of tiny blobs of light. As you squeeze the slit together, the blobs of light grow larger and spread apart, moving away from the central light source and becoming easier to see. Notice that the blobs have blue and red edges and that the blue edges are closer to the light source.

The energy in the spectrum of the light of the lamp can be evaluated by the spectral sensitivity of the eye of chicken (N.B. Prescott and C.M. Wathes, 1999 and J. E. Saunders, J. R. Jarvis and C. M. Wathes, 2008).

Light bends when it passes around an edge or through a slit. This bending is called diffraction. You can easily demonstrate diffraction using a candle or a small bright flashlight bulb and a slit made with two pencils. The diffraction pattern—the pattern of dark and light created when light bends around an edge or edges—shows that light has wavelike properties.

The energy efficiency class of light sources shall be determined on the basis of the total mains efficacy etaTM. This is calculated by dividing the declared useful luminous flux (59 lm, flux in a wide cone (120°)) by the declared on-mode power consumption Pon (0.9 W) and multiplying by the applicable factor FTM that depends on the light source type (1.089, type: Directional (DLS) not operating on mains (NMLS)). The result is the total mains efficacy etaTM = 72 (lm/W).

The light diagram indicates the beam in the C0-C180 plane and in the plane perpendicular to that, the C90-C270 plane. These beams are equal as the lamp has symmetry over its first axis (the vertical axis).

Look at the light through a piece of cloth, a feather, a diffraction grating, or a piece of metal screen. Rotate each object while you look through it.