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Augustin-Jean Fresnel was a nineteenth century French physicist, most often remembered for the invention of unique compound lenses designed to produce parallel beams of light, which are still used widely in lighthouses. Born in Broglie, France on May 10, 1788, Fresnel was the son of an architect and received a strict, religious upbringing. His parents were Jansenists, a sect of Roman Catholics that believed only a small, predestined group would receive salvation and that the multitudes could not change their fate through their actions on Earth. Fresnel's early education was provided by his parents and he was considered a slow learner, barely able to read by the age of 8. When he was 12-years-old, however, Fresnel began formal studies at the Central School in Caen, where he was introduced to the wonders of science and demonstrated an aptitude in mathematics.

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The main difference is that a wide angle lens has a short focal length and a telephoto lens has a long focal length. Here’s more on that:

The main difference is that a zoom lens has a variable focal length while a prime lens has a fixed focal length. Here’s more on the differences:

Essentially, focal length is the angle of view, or how much of the scene will be captured and the magnification of the image. The longer the focal length, or the higher the mm of the lens, the narrower the angle of view is and the higher the magnification of the image. The shorter the focal length, or the lower the mm of the lens, the wider the angle of view and the lower the magnification of the image.

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A prime lens has a fixed focal length (e.g., 35mm). This means you only have a 35mm focal length on one lens. Like a zoom lens, a prime lens has its own pros and cons:

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Focal length is the main optical property of a camera lens. It’s displayed in millimeters and by a number that looks like this: 35mm, 50mm, or 100mm. Lenses are named by these numbers and used when refferencing different types of lenses.

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The commonly accepted focal length of our eyes is around 22mm-24mm. Our visual attention is about 55 degrees wide. So, on a 35mm full frame DSLR, this gives you a 43mm lens. This focal length provides exactly the same viewing angle as a human eye.This is why many photographers and cinematorgraphers find a 50 mm lens pleasing for quality video production, because it is very close to our own eyes.

In the field of optics, Fresnel derived formulas to explain reflection, refraction, double refraction, and the polarization of light reflected from a transparent substance. Fresnel also developed a wave theory of diffraction. He created various devices to produce interference fringes in order to demonstrate the interference of light wavelets. Using his inventions, Fresnel was the first to prove that the wave motion of light is transverse. He accomplished this task by polarizing light beams in different planes and showing that the two beams do not exhibit interference effects.

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In 1822, Fresnel invented the lens that is now used in lighthouses around the world. The Fresnel lens appears much like a giant glass beehive with a lamp in the center. The lens is composed of rings of glass prisms positioned above and below the lamp to bend and concentrate the light into a bright beam. The Fresnel lighthouse lens works so well that the light can be seen from a distance of 20 or more miles. Before Fresnel's invention, lighthouses used mirrors to reflect light, and could be seen only at short distances and hardly at all during foggy or stormy days. Lighthouses equipped with Fresnel's lenses have helped save many ships from going aground or crashing into rocky coasts.

A wide angle lens is any lens that has a short focal length: shorter than 24mm. So, lenses from 14mm-24mm are considered wide angle lenses.

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A macro lens is used for taking photo or video extremely close to a subject. With a macro lens, you can fill the entire frame and have everything be in focus. Most zoom lenses and prime lenses wouldn’t be able to focus this closely on a subject, blurring the image. Macro lenses are generally telephoto, typically with focal lengths from about 100 to 200 mm.

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Fresnel's academic predilections inspired him to pursue a career in engineering. He entered the Polytechnic School in Paris in 1804 and, two years later, the School of Civil Engineering. Following graduation, he worked on engineering projects for several years in a variety of French government departments, but temporarily lost his post when Napoleon returned from Elba in 1815. Having already begun performing scientific work in his spare time, the change of events provided Fresnel with the opportunity to increase his efforts in this arena, and he soon began to focus on optics. Even when he was provided with a new engineering position in Paris after the second restoration, Fresnel continued his scientific investigations.

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If you have a 35mm lens for a full-frame camera, and put it on a crop sensor camera, it’s effectively a 50mm lens. This is because crop-sensor cameras offer a cropped view of a 35mm format. If you’re shooting with a cropped APSC sensor, then you could purchase lenses that are compatible with your camera and account for the cropped sensor.There are a few common cropped sizes for digital sensors. APSC, Super 35, Micro Four Thirds, Super 16.

When you compare a crop sensor to a full-frame sensor, the most noticeable difference is how much of what you’re seeing is being captured by the sensor.

The lenses and lens arrays are thin enough and the POLY IR® materials good enough that transmission losses due to absorption in the material can be as low as.

A single number, like 24mm, on a lens represents a prime or fixed lens. This means the lens isn’t capable of zooming. A 24mm prime lens is made for only a 24mm focal length. If you want a range of focal lengths, you could use a different lens, like a 24–70mm zoom lens, which gives you the ability to change your focal length in the range of 24mm to 70mm.

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When you use a camera with a crop sensor, it affects how the lens works on the camera, measured by its multiplier. For example, a crop sensor could have a 1.5x multiplier. When you attach a 50mm lens, the focal length is multiplied by 1.5x. So, this means a 50mm lens acts like a 75mm lens on a crop sensor DSLR. This essentially crops out the edges of the frame, which increases the focal length.

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Crop sensor refers to a DSLR sensor that mimics a full-frame 35mm format, but is not a true 35mm format. If you’re using a crop sensor camera, it basically is a “cropped” view of a full-frame 35mm camera.

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Although he received little public recognition for his efforts during his lifetime, Fresnel was bestowed with various honors by his fellow scientists. He was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1823 and became a member of the Royal Society of London two years later. The British organization awarded him with the prestigious Rumford Medal in what was to be the final year of his life. Having struggled with ill health since his early childhood, Fresnel died of consumption at Ville-d'Avray, France on July 14, 1827.

A telephoto lens generally has a focal length of 60mm or longer. This goes for both prime and zoom lenses. You can have a telephoto prime lens, and a telephoto zoom lens.

A zoom lens has a variable focal length (e.g., 16–35mm). This gives you a wide variety of focal lengths in one lens. There are pros and cons to having a zoom lens:

Full-frame refers to a DSLR camera with an image sensor that is the same size as 35mm format film, measuring 36 x 24mm. For comparison, the more popular APS-C sensor size found in most DSLRs measures 22 x 15mm. Full-frame sensors have more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor. When you compare a crop sensor and a full-frame sensor, the most noticeable difference between full frame and crop sensor is their field of view. If you put a 35mm lens that’s designed for a full-frame camera on a crop sensor the field of view will be cropped in. Speaking of crop sensors, let’s jump into what a crop sensor is and how it affect your images.

Understanding the f-stop scale · focal length * (1 / aperture) · 71mm = 50mm * ( 1 / .7 ).