Objective lenses microscopefunction

When a connector is mounted on the fiber end, some loss of power will be experienced. Some of the light would be reflected back to the fiber towards the source that generated that light signal. These reflected back signals into the fiber are called Optical Return Loss (ORL). The ORL can harm the laser source can also interrupt the transmission signal. Usually the fiber connectors have different types and different ORL levels. There are four types generally available, each having its own ORL levels and characteristic. The types are: 1. Flat surface, 2. Physical Contact (PC), 3. Ultra-Physical Contact (UPC) and 4. Angled Physical Contact (APC).

It is generally accepted that all of these connector options capture a place in the current market, and we cannot say anyone is better than the others since whether to choose UPC or APC in fact depend on your particular need. Whereas for those applications which high precision optical fiber signaling matters, APC should be the optimum alternative, but for less sensitive digital systems, UPC and APC can both perform equally well.

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What is FC/PC Simplex Multimode connector, LC/APC Simplex Single mode connector or SC/UPC Simplex Single mode connector, but what do all those words mean? Specifically, PC, APC, and UPC.

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What are the objective lenses on a microscopeanswer

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We all needs a connector with low back reflection, that could sustain repeated mating/un-mating without ORL degradation. And this brings us the angled physical contact (APC) connector.

Currently, with UPC and APC connectors dominating the market, these two types are the most commonly seen connectors employed in the fiber optic industry. The color difference is that UPC connectors are blue while APC connectors are green, the main difference actually lies in the fiber end-face.

When two flat fiber FC connectors are mated together, a small gap between the two fiber faces is left when two faces of flat fibers are coupled. These flat fiber connectors are not appropriate for single-mode fiber cables with a core size of just 8-9µm, hence evolution to physical contact (PC) connectors. ORL values in (FC) type of connectors is <-30dB.

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APC connectors feature a fiber end-face that is polished at an 8-degree angle, while UPC connectors are polished with no angle. UPC connectors are not exactly flat however, they have a slight curvature for better core alignment. With UPC connectors, any reflected light is reflected straight back towards the light source. However, the angled end-face of the APC connector causes reflected light to reflect at an angle into the cladding versus straight back toward the source. This causes some differences in return loss, which is a measurement of reflected light that is expressed as a negative dB value (the higher the value, the better). UPC connector return loss should be -55dB or greater, while APC connector return loss should be -65dB or greater.

The important point is that APC and UPC connectors cannot be mated, in case to cause poor performance or to destroy both connectors. However, when choosing the right connector for your specified application, factors like cost and simplicity should also be considered seriously, not just optical performance. So, it actually depends on the real circumstances and various factors.

The UPC connector is built on the convex end-face attributes of the PC, but with an extended polishing method, which creates an even finer fiber surface finish known as Ultra Physical Contact. This UPC results in lower back reflection (ORL) than a standard PC connector, ORL values in (UPC) type of connectors is <-55dB, allowing more reliable signals in digital TV, telephony and data systems, where UPC today dominates the market. UPC connectors do have a low insertion loss, but the back reflection will depend on the quality of the fiber surface and, following repeat mating/un-mating, it will begin to deteriorate. UPC fiber connector can be used with both single-mode fiber as well as multimode fiber. Usually the blue color UPC connector is used for single-mode fiber and beige color UPC connector is used for multimode fiber.

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What are the objective lenses on a microscopeclass

Objective lenses are used to collect incoming light and focus it at the image plane. Different lens configurations are used for various magnifications, focal lengths and numeric apertures. Our microscope objective lenses are designed for long working distanceses, infinity correction, UV compatibility, and spatial filtering applications.

.A Cable & Wire Industry Professional with 49 years experience at Baroda,( ex-KEI, NICCO & ICL ) Now VP(Mktg) with Green Electricals (P) Ltd, Baroda. largest distributor of Polycab in Central India

The PC connector is similar to the flat fiber connector but it is polished with a spherical design to decrease the overall size of the end-face. The spherical design helps to overcome the air gap issue experienced in flat connectors, resulting in lower optical return loss (ORL), with less light being sent back towards the power source. ORL values in (PC) type of connectors is <-35dB. But still some of the light manages to reflect back towards the source.

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What are the objective lenses on a microscopegive

.A Cable & Wire Industry Professional with 49 years experience at Baroda,( ex-KEI, NICCO & ICL ) Now VP(Mktg) with Green Electricals (P) Ltd, Baroda. largest distributor of Polycab in Central India

With APC connectors being used by most cable companies, other FTTX providers in outside plant applications, and passive optical applications (both GPONs and passive optical LANs). Future higher-speed passive optical networks and other WDM applications that will use higher wavelengths via single mode fiber will also likely require the reduced return loss of APC connectors.

APC connectors can consistently achieve good performance. This is because adding a small 8-degree angle to the end-face allows for even tighter, closer connections and smaller end-face gap. The combination of angled connector with smaller gap, allows any reflected light that is reflected back into the fiber is in fact reflected into the fiber cladding. That is because of the 8-degree angled face. ORL values in (APC) type of connectors is <-65dB. This to be noted that these types of fiber connector can only be used with single-mode fiber. Most important is that, other three connectors are all inter-mateable, whereas the APC can’t be mated with other connectors.

Objective lenses are used to collect incoming light and focus it at the image plane. Different lens configurations are used for various magnifications, focal lengths and numeric apertures. Our microscope objective lenses are designed for long working distanceses, infinity correction, UV compatibility, and spatial filtering applications.

Although, UPC connectors have a low insertion loss, but ORL really depends on the surface finish of the fiber. When the connectors are repeatedly coupled and decoupled, the ORL will starts to degrade. So, it is essential for a connector with low back reflection and it could endure repeated coupling and decoupling without ORL degradation, which evolves the new type of connectors (APC).