Jun 5, 2017 — Wide angle of views capture greater areas, small angles smaller areas. Changing the focal length changes the angle of view. The shorter the ...

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Shalom EO also offers other crystals materials: nonlinear crystals, laser crystals and electric-optical and acousto-optic crystals.

EKSMA Optics has various kinds of birefringent crystal materials including various nonlinear crystals, some of our laser crystals and Raman crystals and polarizing optics crystals.

where <$n_1$> and <$n_2$> are the refractive indices of the two media. It is apparent that the larger angle against the normal direction must occur in the medium with the smaller refractive index.

For non-isotropic media, the refractive index can depend on the polarization direction of the light. Therefore, the refraction angle can be polarization-dependent.

If the incident beam comes from the medium with the higher refractive index, and its angle of incidence is large, it may not be possible to fulfill Snell's law with any output angle, since the sine of the output angle can be at most 1. In that case, transmission is not possible – total internal reflection occurs.

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For the reflected beam, the angle against the surface normal is always the same as that of the incident beam (<$\theta_1$>): its direction is not affected by refraction.

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FiberCollimator

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When light, e.g. a laser beam, propagates from one transparent homogeneous medium into another, its propagation direction will generally change (see Figure 1). This phenomenon is called refraction. It results from the boundary conditions which the incoming and the transmitted wave need to fulfill at the boundary between the two media. Essentially, the tangential components of the wave vectors need to be identical, as otherwise the phase difference between the waves at the boundary would be position-dependent, and the wavefronts could not be continuous. As the magnitude of the wave vector depends on the refractive index of the medium, the said condition can in general only be fulfilled with different propagation directions. An exception is of course the case of normal incidence, where the wave vectors have no component along the surface.

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The Mono Fiber-optic Cannula is an assembly of a bare optical fiber, a fiber ferrule and a receptacle or a sleeve. One side of the ferrule is polished while the implantable part of the fiber protrudes from the opposite end of the ferrule. The ferrule is placed within the receptacle or sleeve to allow connection to the fiber-optic patch cord. The protruding fiber can be implanted into the body while the ferrule or the receptacle is attached to the skull. When the cannula is connected with the patch cord, it is possible to send light signals to and from tissue close to the fiber tip. It is imperative for in vivo optogenetics applications that the fiber-optic cannula allows for efficient, plug and play type connection to the fiber-optic patch cord.A receptacle is a mechanical holder that defines the positions of the fiber tip and guides the connecting ferrule to the optical coupling position. For Mono Fiber-optic Cannulas we offer zirconia sleeves as the simplest form of a receptacle, alongside M2, M3 and slim magnetic receptacles.Low Profile Cannulas are designed to minimize the height over the animal's head. The patch cord connection is in the same axis as the animal's body instead of hanging over its head. This cannula allows for the fiber optic implantation in a standard stereotaxic dorso-ventral axis, but the interconnection are along the antero-posterior plane. This cannula design minimizes the pressure applied on the animal's head during the connection/disconnection of the patch cord. Furthermore, the Low Profile Cannula facilitates the motion of the animal’s head in restraint areas.

Another curious refraction phenomenon are superprism effects [1, 2], where the refraction angle exhibits an unusually strong dependence of the propagation direction at the output on details like the input direction and the optical wavelength.

Unusual phenomena such a negative refraction [3, 4] can occur with photonic metamaterials with a negative refractive index, at certain photonic metasurfaces, or with certain photonic crystals. Here, the refracted beam can be on the same side of the surface normal as the incident beam.

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4COATING FILM LENS: The 4X objective lens is coated, has high transmittance and refractive index, making it less prone to scratches, fragmentation, or wear. 5 ...

How to collimate light from afiber

We offer a wide range of polarizers and polarization optics for many different uses. Choosing the right polarization optic for your application can be a bewildering task, as we offer a wide range for many different uses.

Jul 23, 2024 — For USB webcams, it will be as simple as plugging the camera into your computer's USB port, and then connecting to the internet via your ...

Figure 2 is an animated illustration of refraction. One can see that the wavelength is smaller on the right side (as a result of the reduced velocity of light), where the refractive index is larger. Also, the wavefronts are not interrupted at the interface, but only changed in direction. This is possible only with a modified angle of propagation.

May 28, 2024 — Depth of penetration: The 1064 nm wavelength enables the Nd:YAG laser to target deeper tissues without damaging superficial skin layers. This ...

Lensedfiber

Product Summary. This Helium Neon Laser has two advantages over other lasers: 1) 1.5 mW: The extra power makes laser experiments and demonstrations brighter ( ...

20141016 — Surface finish is described as the presence of defects with length scales of below 0.8mm in the machined surface. Longer defects are termed as form errors.

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Optical Linear Polariser Filter Circular Linear Polarizer Glass. New (Other) · Unbranded. C ...

Shalom EO offers a variety of birefringence materials, including: MgF2 crystals, LiNbO3 and alpha-BBO crystals, quartz crystals, calcite crystals and YVO4 crystals. They are used to make waveplates, Glan and Thompson polarizers and other optical components. The blanks and polished and coated optical components are offered according to your request.

Further, we have many interesting case studies on the same page, with topics mostly in fiber optics. Concrete examples cases, investigated quantatively, often give you much more insight!

For electromagnetic radiation at very high frequencies, such as X-rays, refraction effects are far weaker than for light, since the refractive index is then close to 1.

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