f180 Tube Lens. This tube lens is designed to pair with Olympus objectives. It has a 180 mm focal length and a compensation-free design where aberrations in the ...

Types ofobjectivelenses

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Obviously it is possible to tightly focus a laser because DVD players make a tiny spot microns in size, but this I assume is only at one particular focal length, not along the length of a beam. For my application (machining metrology) I need to have a beam that does not need to be focused, yet is as narrow as possible.

You need a second lens at the location where the "Gaussian Profile" is shown in order to get a parallel beam again. For a 1 cm lens and a 10 µm pinhole your beam will have a divergence of 0.001 rad - at a distance of 1 m it will diverge by 1 mm.

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High powerobjective microscopefunction

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High magnification without high NA does not give the resolving power that most people expect from a research grade microscope.  Using a high NA objective lens means that you are most likely sacrificing working distance (how deep into the sample that you can focus) for higher optical resolution. In most instances this is a very acceptable trade off.

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Whatisobjective lensinmicroscope

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I am looking for a summary of practical methods of focusing and collimating laser light, which I guess are contradictory objectives, or are they?

Note that diffraction can play a role to further thwart your efforts at making a collimated beam. As the pinhole becomes smaller, the diffraction effect becomes more significant. You typically try to balance the geometrical and diffraction effects for the smallest over-all divergence - meaning that you roughly want to make $\frac{\lambda}{d}=\frac{d}{f}$ where $f$ is the focal length of the secondary lens and $d$ is the size of the pinhole. There might be a factor 1.22 in there somewhere...

What doesthe stagedo on a microscope

Note that this type of application operates on a table top scale, all of the illuminated areas will be between 1 inch and 3 feet or so.

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For a laser beam to be narrow and stay narrow, you need parallel beams. The usual approach is to focus the beam onto a very small pinhole (say 10-20 µm or so), then focus a second lens on the pinhole (expander). The fact that all rays have to pass through the very small point means that any diverging components of the beam will be intercepted by the pinhole; the second lens expands the beam into a series of "almost parallel" rays. The ratio of focal lengths of the primary and secondary lens determines the degree of compression along the diameter of the beam that you can achieve: but the tighter the beam, the more divergent it will be (because the size of the pinhole will be magnified by a short focal length lens).

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Microscopeparts

Light microscopes can, under the best conditions, resolve objects that are approximately equal to half the size of the wavelength used. In the real world this comes out to objects that are 250-300nm in size, if you are using a NA=1.4 objective lens (under optimal conditions). This means that you can make out two adjacent objects in this size range, assuming that you can see at least a 25% dip in intensity between them (Rayleigh criterion). Sample preparation is especially important when you want to resolve structures this small.

High quality, monochromatic laser beams are governed by diffraction instead of geometrical optics. Talking about rays doesn't really tell the full story. The parameter of a laser beam which expresses how well collimated it is is called the Rayleigh range, $z_R$. The units of $z_R$ are units of distance, and you can think of it roughly as 'the beam will not start to diverge significantly within $z_R$ of the smallest spot.' Interestingly, it turns out that this parameter is directly related to the smallest spot size of the laser beam, $\omega_0$. This parameter is known as the beam waist. The relationship between them is $$ z_r=\frac{\pi\omega_0^2}{\lambda}. $$ The point is; the smaller you want to make the beam, the less collimated it will be. This only gets more true if the beam is of poor quality. Just to put some numbers to it, a red laser pointer focused to a spot size of $1\,\text{mm}$ is collimated over a range of $5\,\text{m}$, but if you focus it down to a spot size of $10\,\mu\text{m}$ it will only be collimated over a range of $0.5\,\text{mm}$.

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The “cost” of obtaining a higher NA is that the working distance (WD) of the lens becomes much shorter. Working distance is “… the distance between the objective front lens and the top of the cover glass when the specimen is in focus. In most instances, the working distance of an objective decreases as magnification increases.” (1) A smaller working distance can be a problem when you cannot see an object with a high magnification lens, even though you could see it with a low magnification lens. A 10x objective can have a WD of several millimeters (4-10mm, or 4000-10,000um). A well corrected, high NA 20x dry objective will have a WD of slightly less than 1mm (1000um). Most well corrected, high NA 40x and 60x oil objectives have working distances on the order of 0.1mm (100um).

Absolutely not. In a weird kind of way they are the same thing: or kind of dual concepts. They are if you like two extreme ends of or "canonical" versions of zero entropy light and can freely and losslessly be transformed into one another. The key property is low wavefront aberration: a beam can be focussed tightly (without aberration compensation) if and only if it can be well collimated. Otherwise, the focus will be blurred, or there will be strong divergence.

What does an objective lens do on a microscopegive

Whatare the 3objectivelenseson a microscope

It is for this reason, for example, that lasers are still the only practical source for coupling light efficiently into single mode optical fibres. Only they output large quantites of light with low entropy (étendue - look the Wikipedia article on this word up). Of course, you can pass an aberrated high power LED beam through a subresolvable pinhole and output aberration free light, but most of the power doesn't make it through the pinhole

Diode beams are usually rectangular when collimated because the have a fast and slow axis. You can expand the slow axis such that the beam shape is much more rectangular.

Objective lensmagnification

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I'll leave the practicalities to the two other great answers (Floris's and boyfarrell's because I want to focus on one of your statements:

Numerical Aperture (NA) is “… a critical value that indicates the light acceptance angle, which in turn determines the light gathering power, the resolving power, and depth of field of the objective.”(1) As light passes through a sample, the information describing the highest resolution information in the sample is diffracted at a very wide angle. Low magnification lenses typically have low NAs, meaning that they cannot capture the highest resolution information. To capture the widely diffracted information, high NA lenses move the front of the lens closer to the sample (increases the light acceptance angle). Dry lenses can only have NAs of up to 1.0. By using specially formulated oil and oil lenses, NAs of up to 1.4 can be achieved.

For example, when I use typical small diode lasers, even with the as-shipped collimating lens I find the beam tends to be around 1mm to 2mm in diameter, and often very irregular or speckly. I would much rather have a beam that is uniform and more like 0.1 mm, but do not know how to achieve that.

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Strictly speaking, a collimated beam is always a focus! Just one with extremely low numerical aperture and beam divergence. But there will always be beam divergence, albeit very small.

Many of us have looked though the eyepiece of a department store microscope and seen a fuzzy looking “something” with the highest magnification objective lens. It’s not completely surprising that an inexpensive lens would give a blurry image. There are many optical aberrations that need to be corrected to manufacture the expensive lenses that are used on research grade microscopes.

Microscope objectives are perhaps the most important components of an optical microscope because they are responsible for primary image formation and play a ...