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The picture of the Moon in the banner might not look all that spectacular, but it is absolutely astounding from a technical perspective. What makes it so unique is that it was taken via a telescope using a completely flat lens. This type of lens, called a metalens, has been around for a while, but a team of researchers from Pennsylvania State University (PSU) recently made the largest one ever. At eight cm in diameter, it was large enough to use in an actual telescope – and produce the above picture of the Moon, however, blurred it might be.

LIGHT MICROSCOPY by SIVASANGARI SHANMUGAM The optical microscope, The functions of a light microscope is based on its ability to focus a beam of light through, which is very small and transparent, to produce an image.Read less

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On the image of the target, where the frequencies of the bands remain clear and distinct, the MTF is said to be 100 percent. When the contrast falls to one half ...

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Polarization of Light - Polarization Definition ... Visible light is an electromagnetic wave, which is composed of an electric field and a magnetic field. All ...

Learn More:PSU – Flat, pancake-sized metalens images lunar surface in an engineering firstZhang et al – High-Efficiency, 80 mm Aperture Metalens TelescopeUT – Christiaan Huygens’ Telescope Lenses Tell Us He Was NearsightedUT – What are Telescopes?

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However, astronomy isn’t the only practical application for these larger metalenses. Despite their ubiquity, the lenses of a cell phone’s camera are still curved, which takes up valuable space in its design. Typically, you can see a protuberance near the camera lens on the slimmest cell phone models. With a true metalens that works as intended, those issues could be eliminated, leading to an extensive install base if cell phone manufacturers become interested. Both amateur and professional astronomers would probably get some much better pictures of the Moon out of the deal as well.

If an image is made through a small aperture, there is a point at which the resolution of the image is limited by the aperture diffraction. As a matter of ...

A second advantage is DUV is capable of consistently producing small details. This is especially true when it’s used to create transistors on a computer chip, but in this case, the nanostructured antennas could be produced with the same level of precision.

Nov 13, 2015 — Eyepieces work in combination with microscope objectives to further magnify the intermediate image so that specimen details can be observed.

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For this, the team at PSU turned to an alternative manufacturing process – deep ultraviolet (DUV) photolithography, a process typically used to create high-speed computer chips. Compared to the typical metalens creation process of electron beam lithography, DUV has several advantages.

This aberration is caused by the sum of the focal lengths of the lens elements in the system (multiplied by the refractive indices) not equaling zero. If the ...

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Metalenses have been produced before, but typically only on a millimeter scale. They utilize nanostructures etched into the surface of the lens itself, forcing the light that passes through them to a central focal point, much as the curved surface of a typical lens used in optics does. Part of the reason other metalenses have been relatively small in scale so far is the difficulty of creating those nanostructures on a larger lens structure.

Roughness includes the finest (shortest wavelength) irregularities of a surface. Roughness generally results from a production process or material condition. Ra ...

First, it is repeatable at high speed. The team, led by Dr. Xingjie Ni, did what all good problem solvers do. They took a large problem – in this case, how to cover the surface of a 4 cm circle with nanostructured antennas – and broke it down into manageable chunks. Those chunks turned out to be 22 mm x 22 mm regions of the plate, and they then patterned the necessary antenna structures onto the lens using a DUV system at Cornell.

Microscope objectives are a key component of a microscope that are used to magnify and resolve the specimen being viewed.

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That isn’t to say the entire research process was as simple as running a new system to create a larger version of a known technology. The researchers had to significantly shrink the file size used to direct the DUV machine on how to operate. They did so by using data approximations and other file compression techniques.

Even with all that effort, challenges remain – the most notable being chromatic aberration. Chromatic aberration occurs when different colors of light are bent by the nanostructured antennas differently. This creates different focal points for different colors of light, causing them to blur if collected in the same image. But Dr. Ni and his graduate students are working hard on designing a new and improved system that could eliminate the chromatic aberration problem and other optical issues caused by the flat surface.