Focal Length and F-Stop Explanation - Paragon Press - what is focal length of a lens
Dark fieldmicroscopy
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Phase contrast
Vaez-Iravani, M. Single laser bright field and dark field system for detecting anomalies of a sample. Google patent US5798829A (1996).
Kats, M.A. Dark field on a chip. Nat. Photonics 14, 266–267 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-020-0628-7
Dark fieldscattering spectroscopy
Dark-field microscopy is a widely used imaging method that emphasizes sharp edges and other small features, but typically requires specialized microscope components. Researchers have now engineered special substrates that enable dark-field microscopy using simple bright-field microscopes.
Murphy, D. B. & Davidson, M. W. in Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging 115–133 (John Wiley & Sons, 2012).