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Already in 1977, Sloan’s study noted that some visually impaired people preferred the dark theme. In our research on accessible environments, Kara Pernice also observed that visually impaired users sometimes switched from light to dark to gain greater clarity. In 1985, Gordon Legg and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota hypothesized that it was “anomalous scattering of light caused by clouding of the eye media,” because the more light hits a tinted lens, the more it distorts. Thus, a dark theme may be better for people with clouded eyes, as it emits less light from the screen.

While large font sizes and bright indoor lighting conditions may offset the difference, we still do not recommend switching to the default dark theme unless your target audience is a specialized group of people, but the general population.

Jonathan Dobres and colleagues at MIT’s Agelab attempted to quantify how light influences the performance of a light theme in the context of a lexical decision problem. The “lexical solution” problem is a method in psychology when a series of letters is presented to the subjects, and they must decide whether it is a word or not. A similar problem — fluent text recognition in abstraction — we solve when driving a car or using a mobile phone. In all these cases, you need to quickly look at the display and extract the information you need.

In a dark theme, displays emit less light than a light theme, thus helping to conserve battery power. But the amount of light in the environment affects not only energy consumption, but also our perception. To understand how this works, let’s briefly go over the basic knowledge of the human pupil and how it responds to the amount of light in a room.

So should we all move on to the dark theme in light of its popularity today? While the dark theme is beneficial for people with visual impairments, especially those associated with clouding of the eye environment (e.g., cataracts), research results indicate the benefits of positive polar contrast for users with healthy vision. It will be easier for a healthy person to work with text in a light theme in the vast majority of cases.

The researchers found significant thinning of the vascular membrane when the subjects read the text in a light theme, and significant thickening when they read in a dark issue. Thinning was especially noticeable in study participants who already had myopia. This result suggests that while our performance is better on the light theme, it comes at a price for long-term use.

The tasks were given in different polar contrasts — some participants got a dark theme, others a light item. The extreme difference was the only variable between the experiment subjects, which means that each participant saw tasks in only one kind of polarity (for example, only in the dark theme).

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The researchers also collected data on subjects’ fatigue before and after the test: eye strain, headache, muscle tension, back pain, and an assessment of their overall condition, both before and after the experiment.

We know people rarely change their default settings, .but they should have the opportunity. Of course, hardly anyone will change the display settings for some random site. However, if we are talking about a site or application that is used on an ongoing basis, this should be provided. This is especially true for long-term reading applications such as book reading applications, magazines, and news sites. Moreover, ideally, this function should be present on all pages of the app or website. Additionally, if the operating system itself offers a dark theme in its interfaces (such as iOS), take advantage of this so that your users can choose the extreme contrast they prefer.

Research has shown that lighting, polar contrast, and text size affect benchmark performance in a reasonably predictable way. Artificial daylight helps you make decisions faster than an artificial night light, a light theme works better than a dark subject, and a larger text size reads faster than a smaller one. An interesting point was the significant relationship between illumination and polar contrast: in daylight, the distinction didn’t matter, but in night light, the light theme performed better than the dark theme. Moreover, under night lighting, it was much more difficult for people to read small text in a dark theme.

In people with normal (or corrected to normal) vision, visual perception works better with a light theme, while people with cataracts or other visual impairments find it easier to deal with a dark theme.

The human pupil is the gateway to the retina through which light enters the eye. By default, our pupil changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment: when there is much light, it contracts and becomes narrower, and when it is dark, it expands to let in more light. A smaller pupil makes the eyeless susceptible to spherical aberrations (which impair image clarity) and increases the depth of field, which saves a person from having to make an effort to focus on the text, which in turn means less eye fatigue while reading (The camera aperture works on the same principle: a photo taken at f / 2.8 will have a shallower depth of field than a photo taken at f / 16, and thus will be more blurry).

Note: the dark theme in interface design has become almost mandatory by 2020. Following Apple and Android, other major market players (for example, Google, What’s App, Instagram) jumped onto the Dark Mode train. They love the dark theme for several reasons:

But, leaving aside speculations about the dark theme aesthetics, is it that good for the eyes? Does the dark theme increase your text productivity? Raluca Budiu of the Nielsen Norman Group provides comprehensive answers.

Participants in the Agelab study had healthy and normal vision. The series of letters was shown to him in positive and negative polar contrast (light and dark themes), in different lighting conditions (day and night light) and in different font sizes.

Lightsanddarkslaundry chart

Paradoxically, there is much less scientific literature about people with visual impairments than about healthy people. However, there is an implicit agreement that the dark topic is recommended to at least some of them. Gordon Legge, with colleagues from the University of Minnesota, distinguishes two types of visual impairment: 1) central vision impairment; 2) violation of the transparency of the eye media.

I have to say right away that NN / g (Nielsen Norman Group) did not do their own research on this topic. Nonetheless, these questions led me to turn to academic literature investigating the question of whether the dark theme has any benefits for healthy and visually impaired users. In this article I will share with you my discoveries and conclusions, but first, let’s define the terms:

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The results showed that the light theme won in all directions: regardless of age, the positive polar contrast gave the best results in both the visual acuity task and the text proofreading task. Nevertheless, the difference in the visual acuity test results in the dark and light theme among the older subjects was less than among, the younger ones. We can conclude that the light theme does not give them any particular advantages, at least when it comes to visual acuity.

True, there is one caveat — Legg’s research was carried out using CRT monitors (CRT), and nowadays, they have been widely replaced by LED monitors. CRT monitors tended to flicker more in light subjects than in dark themes, which seems to make the experiment biased.

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Sometime after the presentation of the dark theme on iOS 13, it had been asked to give an opinion on the user characteristics of the dark theme and its popularity in design. It was then asked the same question more than once at our UX conference.

So far, all of the literature we have reviewed has explored the short-term effects of extreme contrast on reader productivity. But what about the long-term consequences? In other words, will the long-term use of light or dark themes have any effect?

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However, later research refutes this initial claim. Consider the following two articles: one published in 2013 in the journal Ergonomics, looking at visual acuity and reading performance; the second, published in 2017 by Applied Ergonomics, explores the effectiveness of speed reading — the quick passage of 1–2 words that people often encounter when interacting with a cell phone, smartwatch or car dashboard, or on mobile maps or notifications.

Why does the light theme improve our productivity? This is best explained by the fact that more light is emitted with a positive polar contrast, and the pupil contracts more, reducing spherical aberration, increasing depth of field, and our ability to focus on details without fatiguing our eyes.

Early studies in the 1980s concluded that in people with normal or corrected vision (glasses or contact lenses) to the standard view, polar contrast does not affect visual perception.

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With age, the pupil decreases in size. A pupil size that is too small means that not enough light is getting inside. This reduces our ability to read and recognize text, especially in low ambient light (such as at night). On the other hand, the older we get, the more susceptible we become to the glare that can occur in healthy light conditions.

When the researchers tested the fatigue metrics, they concluded that there was no significant discrepancy between results with different polar contrasts, which means that, for example, a dark theme (as well as a light one) does not increase fatigue scores.

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Modern compound microscopes are designed to provide a magnified two-dimensional image that can be focused axially in successive focal planes, thus enabling a thorough examination of specimen fine structural detail in both two and three dimensions. The optical components are mounted on a stable, ergonomically designed base that allows rapid exchange, precision centering, and careful alignment between those assemblies that are optically interdependent. Together, the optical and mechanical components of the microscope, including the mounted specimen on a glass micro slide and coverslip, form an optical train with a central axis that traverses the microscope base and stand.

This work by Legg has led to a dark theme in modern computer interfaces. In 2005, Papadopoulos and Goudiras, in their article on an accessible environment for visually impaired users, recommended that all user interfaces switch from light to dark.

A new study published in Nature Research’s Scientific Reports in 2018 suggests that constant use of light themes can cause myopia. Myopia (or myopia) — the inability to see distant objects — is strongly influenced by a person’s educational level and how much they read. In their study, Andrea Aleman and her colleagues at the University of Tübingen in Germany instructed seven participants to read for one hour on a light topic and one hour on a dark theme. To understand whether their predisposition to myopia increased, the scientists measured the thickness of the choroid, the choroid. Choroidal thinning is associated with vision.

Cosima Piepenbrock and her colleagues from the Institute for Experimental Psychology in Düsseldorf (Germany) studied two groups of adults with healthy (and corrected to normal) vision: young people aged 18 to 33 years old and older people aged 60 to 85 years old. None of the subjects had eye diseases (such as cataracts, etc.).

It came as a surprise that the different polar contrast gave virtually the same results in artificial daylight tests. It also contradicts an earlier study by Buchner and Baumgartner that also examined the effect of the amount of light. However, in that study, daylight was used much less intensely than in the Agelab experiment (presumably, we talked about a comparison of office lighting and bright daylight). Dobres and colleagues insist that daylight’s strength affects the efficiency of a light theme — bright light reduces its effectiveness to zero, while ambient office light enhances its advantage.

Polar contrast is a term used to describe the contrast between text and background.Positive polar contrast (light theme) refers to dark text on a light background.Negative polar contrast (dark theme) refers to the combination of light (i.e. white) text on a dark (i.e. black) background.

In Legg’s experiments, all seven participants with clouded eyes performed better on reading in dark subjects. In contrast, participants in the study with central vision impairment did not respond in any way to the change in polar contrast.

Another scientific work published in the journal Human Factors by the same research group studied the interaction of text size and polar contrast in proofreading assignments. Research has shown that the effectiveness of the light theme grows linearly with decreasing text size. In simple words: the smaller the text, the easier it is for the user to read it in a light theme. Interestingly, although the participants’ performance was higher in the light issue, none of them noted any difference in the text’s perception in the dark and light themes (i.e., it was not more difficult for them to focus on the text in either mode). However, this only proves the first rule of usability again: do not listen to users.

Ocular media refers to the various transparent substances in the eye, including the cornea and lens. The most common cause of impaired transparency is cataract, which is characteristic of older people, in which the lens becomes clouded. A cataract scatters and blocks some of the light that travels to the retina and prevents a clear image from forming.