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Beam splitter elements are diffractive optical elements used to split a single laser beam into several beams, each with the characteristics of the original ...

These equations are valid within the limits of the paraxial approximation. For beams with much larger divergence the Gaussian beam model is no longer accurate and a physical optics analysis is required.

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where λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the wavelength (the vacuum wavelength divided by n {\displaystyle n} , the index of refraction) and w 0 {\displaystyle w_{0}} is the beam waist, the radial size of the beam at its narrowest point. This equation and those that follow assume that the waist is not extraordinarily small; w 0 ≥ 2 λ / π {\displaystyle w_{0}\geq 2\lambda /\pi } .[3]

The minimum value of w ( z ) {\displaystyle w(z)} occurs at w ( 0 ) = w 0 {\displaystyle w(0)=w_{0}} , by definition. At distance z R {\displaystyle z_{\mathrm {R} }} from the beam waist, the beam radius is increased by a factor 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} and the cross sectional area by 2.

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A novel type of phase retardation plates (wave plates) representing a breakthrough in light polarization measurement and control is now commercially available.

For a Gaussian beam propagating in free space along the z ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {z}}} axis with wave number k = 2 π / λ {\displaystyle k=2\pi /\lambda } , the Rayleigh length is given by[2]

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Jul 29, 2024 — To calculate the field of view fov i \text{fov}_i fovi​ of a camera in each of the three possible directions, use the following formula: fov ...

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Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection technique employing ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly UV-C (180–280 nm), ...

In optics and especially laser science, the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range, z R {\displaystyle z_{\mathrm {R} }} , is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to the place where the area of the cross section is doubled.[1] A related parameter is the confocal parameter, b, which is twice the Rayleigh length.[2] The Rayleigh length is particularly important when beams are modeled as Gaussian beams.