Beam shaping affects the basic characteristics of light. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle related to position and momentum governs how effective it is.

A lens or other focusing device is used to superimpose the beamlets at the target plane in a laser beam integrator, also known as a homogenizer. Multiple Ienslets are used to split the beam into an array of smaller beams, called beamlets. Both coherent laser beams and other light sources can be input into a laser beam integrator. The total of the diffraction patterns generated by the lenslet array typically represents the final output beam profile. A homogenized flat top profile is produced by most laser beam integrators using incident Gaussian beams.​​​

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Sivarajah, Ilamaran. (2023, May 15). A Guide to Laser Beam Shaping Techniques. AZoOptics. Retrieved on November 12, 2024 from https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2432.

Beamexpander

Diffractive beam shapers modify the laser beam into a certain irradiance distribution by using diffraction rather than refraction. Etching is a technique used by diffractive elements to produce a specific nanostructure in a substrate. Usually, the height and zone spacing have an impact on the element's function and design wavelengths. Therefore, it is crucial to use a diffractive optical component at the design wavelength to prevent performance issues. Diffractive elements are also more reliant on alignment, divergence, and the beam location in the plane to refractive beam shapers. However, since diffractive optical components often consist of a single element rather than a number of refractive lenses, they are far more favorable in laser systems with limited space.​​​​​

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Circularizing a beam is a new kind of laser beam shaping that entails changing an oval or other non-circular profile to a circular one. Cylinder lenses employ curved surfaces to converge or diverge light, much like conventional spherical lenses do; however, they only have optical power in one direction. The perpendicular dimension of light is unaffected by cylindrical lenses. Standard spherical lenses are unable to do this because they force light to equally concentrate or diverge in a rotationally symmetric way. Because of this quality, cylinder lenses are effective in circularizing elliptical beams and forming laser light sheets.

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There are many subcategories of UV light, each which need different sensor requirements. These include both physical and chemical sensor changes.

Sivarajah, Ilamaran. 2023. A Guide to Laser Beam Shaping Techniques. AZoOptics, viewed 12 November 2024, https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2432.

Flat-topbeam

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The characteristic properties of a laser beam can be modified by beam-shaping techniques to meet the demands of specific applications. In order to achieve a desirable beam profile that is maintained over the intended propagation distance, beam shapers redistribute the irradiance of an optical beam with appropriate adjustments of its phase.

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Where D is the full display image dimensions (either horizontal or vertical), and d is the target dimensions (either horizontal or vertical).

The focal length of the lens describes the distance between the lens and the focused image on the sensor. As light passes through the lens it will either converge (positive focal length) or diverge (negative focal length), however within cameras the focal length is predominately positive. Shorter focal lengths converge the light more strongly (i.e. at a sharper angle) to focus the subject being imaged. Longer focal lengths, in comparison, converge the light less strongly (i.e. at a shallower angle) in order to focus the image.

Beamshaper

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The irradiance distribution and phase of a laser beam are often used to describe its form. The latter is crucial for assessing a beam profile's homogeneity along its propagation distance. Typical irradiance distributions include the Gaussian, which shows a decline in irradiance with increasing radial distance, and the flat-top beams, which show a constant irradiance across a certain region.

Optical density is the ability of a material to transmit light through it. It measures the speed of light passing through a substance and is affected by the ...

This allows the FOV dimensions (i.e. vertical and horizontal distances) to be measured without knowing lens focal length or sensor size. The image created, including the target, is then displayed on a monitor, with the target image being a subset of the full image display. This allows the FOV to be approximated as:

Different beam profiles other than the conventional Gaussian profile of a laser are sometimes advantageous for specific applications. For instance, flat top profiles are preferable to Gaussian beams in applications like materials processing systems because the flat top profile provides more precise and predictable cuts and edges.

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How to design a Gaussian to top hatbeamshaper

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Laser beam shapers that are either diffractive or refractive are frequently used in higher-performance applications that need more efficiency.​​​​​

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Pi shaper

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Ilamaran Sivarajah is an experimental atomic/molecular/optical physicist by training who works at the interface of quantum technology and business development.

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These F-theta lenses by Avantier are designed for consistent spot size and uniform field curvature correction, ideal for high-resolution imaging applications.

Field of view defines the maximum area of a sample that a camera can image, determined by the focal length of the lens and the sensor size.

This means that the distance of the focal length is determined by how strongly the light is converged by the lens in order to focus the subject being imaged. This, in turn, influences the angle from the horizonal of light that can be captured by the lens. This is known as the angular field of view (AFOV) and is required to determine the overall FOV. The AFOV is the angle between any light captured at the horizonal, and any light captured at the edge (as shown in Figure 2). If you have a fixed sensor size, altering the focal length will alter the AFOV and therefore the overall FOV. A shorter focal length provides a larger AFOV view, and therefore a larger FOV. The same is true but vice versa for longer focal lengths, as indicated in Figure 2.

Sensor size is determined by both the size of the pixels and number of pixels on the sensor. This can be optimized for each application, with larger sensors optimal for sensitivity limited applications, and smaller sensors optimal for resolution limited applications.

Gaussian beams may be physically trimmed by an aperture to generate a pseudo-flat top profile in low-performance systems when cost is a deciding issue. Although this is ineffective and wastes energy on the Gaussian profile's periphery, it reduces system complexity and expense.

There are two processes which can be used to enhance UV sensitivity for wavelengths >200 nm: UV photon conversion, and anti-reflection coatings.

To measure the FOV of UV, visible and infrared cameras, optical tests are commonly used. During the test, light is focused from a black body (an object that absorbs all light that falls on it) onto a test target at the focal place. By using a set of mirrors, a virtual image can be created that is at an infinitely far distance.

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Laguerre Gaussbeam

Fred M. Dickey, Louis S. Weichman, Richard N. Shagam, "Laser beam shaping techniques," Proc. SPIE 4065, High-Power Laser Ablation III, (16 August 2000); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407361

The focal length of a lens converges light so that the image of an object is focused onto the sensor. This determines the angular field of view, a parameter of the overall field of view. This is defined as the angle between any light captured at the horizontal and any light captured at the edge of the of the object. All of these parameters play a role in determining the FOV of a camera and can be measured using either trigonometry and the angular field of view, or via an optical test, in which a black body is utilized to create a virtual image

The irradiance and phase profile of laser light is often redistributed in refractive beam-shaping assemblies. Diffractive optical elements and aspheric or freeform lenses, which are field-mapping phase elements, are primarily used in such assemblies. A refractive field mapper uses wavefront distortion and the energy conservation constraint to convert the Gaussian beam profile into a flat top profile. In a Keplerian or Galilean lens assembly, the incident beam's amplitude and phase are altered after passing through both components. Within the boundaries of the design, the resultant beam shaping is extremely effective and wavelength agnostic. Flat phase fronts and homogeneous irradiance distribution are made possible by refractive beam shapers.​​​​​​

The sensor size is determined by both the number of pixels on the sensor, and the size of the pixels. Different sized pixels are used for different applications, with larger pixels used for higher sensitivity, and smaller pixels used for higher spatial resolution (find out more on Pixel Size and Camera Resolution).

The gain relates the number of photoelectrons released to the gray levels displayed, and can be used to enhance contrast for low-light imaging.

The design of beam shapers is constrained by the uncertainty principle. For instance, the spatial frequencies become less defined for a design with a highly well-defined location. A characteristic parameter is determined by applying the uncertainty principle to diffraction theory, specifically the Fresnel integral of the Fourier transform relation.

Gaussianbeam

Edmund Optics. . Laser Beam Shaping Overview. [Online] Edmundoptics.com. Available at: https://www.edmundoptics.com/knowledge-center/application-notes/optics/laser-beam-shaping-overview/

Sivarajah, Ilamaran. "A Guide to Laser Beam Shaping Techniques". AZoOptics. 12 November 2024. .

Sivarajah, Ilamaran. "A Guide to Laser Beam Shaping Techniques". AZoOptics. https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2432. (accessed November 12, 2024).

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Laser beamhomogenizer

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where z is the distance from the output plane, λ is the wavelength, C is a constant, and Ri and Ro are the input and output beam half-widths, respectively. When developing a beam shaping application, the value of β is crucial since higher values are correlated with greater beam shaping performance. This formula also suggests that designing beam shapers for bigger beams, shorter wavelengths, and closer focus distances will be simpler.

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Other forms of optics for circularizing elliptical beams include pairs of anamorphic prisms. Two prisms are combined to distort a laser beam in anamorphic prism pairs. They can create additional elliptical beam profiles in a range of sizes, although they are primarily employed to convert elliptical beam profiles into circular distributions. The reshaping is accomplished using the same optical technique as cylinder lenses: refraction. While one axis, or direction, of light is twisted, the other axis stays unchanged. This accounts for the various divergence angles of the beam.​​​

Apart from the beam shaping techniques described above, various other methods are also broadly employed, dependent on the demands of particular applications.  Most methods excel at eliminating spherical aberration and reducing other optical aberrations while increasing throughput. A thorough overview of the practicalities of beam shaping in many areas for prospective applications, supported by significant efforts to uncover the real nature of structured light and its characteristics, is provided in a number of literary publications.​​​​​

Field of view (FOV) is the maximum area of a sample that a camera can image. It is related to two things, the focal length of the lens and the sensor size. Figure 1 shows a comparison between the field of view and the size of the sensor. Assuming that the focal length of the lens is the same, the larger the sensor the larger the field of view.

Figure 3 shows a simplified version of how these assumptions allow for AFOV calculation. By using trigonometry, the AFOV can be expressed as: